Java加解密中IV和salt的处理

所以我试图在方法中解密消息，但它不起作用，因为我需要这样做cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, secret)在我尝试添加之前new IvParameterSpec(iv) to cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, secret, new IvParameterSpec(iv));。否则，它只会返回一个 NullPointerException 我想知道是否可以在方法中执行此操作，而不是一直编写它。我真的想不出解决方案，所以这就是我来这里的原因。加密工作正常，但解密不行。

项目运行： JRE 7

加密代码：

public static String encrypt(String str) {
    try {
        SecureRandom random = new SecureRandom();
        byte[] salt = new byte[16];
        random.nextBytes(salt);

        SecretKeyFactory factory = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance("PBKDF2WithHmacSHA1");
        KeySpec spec = new PBEKeySpec(str.toCharArray(), salt, 65536, 256);
        SecretKey tmp = factory.generateSecret(spec);
        SecretKey secret = new SecretKeySpec(tmp.getEncoded(), "AES");

        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES/CBC/PKCS5Padding");
        cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, secret); //<--- Need to do this before writing IvPerameterSpec,
        // But I think that it's not possible if I have it in another method.
        byte[] encryptedText = cipher.doFinal(str.getBytes("UTF-8"));

        return new String(encryptedText);
    } catch (Exception e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
    return null;
}

解密代码：

public static String decrypt(String str) {
    try {
        SecureRandom random = new SecureRandom();
        byte[] salt = new byte[16];
        random.nextBytes(salt);

        SecretKeyFactory factory = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance("PBKDF2WithHmacSHA1");
        KeySpec spec = new PBEKeySpec(str.toCharArray(), salt, 65536, 256);
        SecretKey tmp = factory.generateSecret(spec);
        SecretKey secret = new SecretKeySpec(tmp.getEncoded(), "AES");
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES/CBC/PKCS5Padding");

        AlgorithmParameters params = cipher.getParameters();
        byte[] iv = params.getParameterSpec(IvParameterSpec.class).getIV();
        cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, secret, new IvParameterSpec(iv));
        //                                                ^^^ Returns NullPointerException

        byte[] ciphertext = cipher.doFinal(str.getBytes("UTF-8"));
        String decryptedText = new String(cipher.doFinal(ciphertext), "UTF-8");

        return new String(decryptedText);
    } catch (Exception e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
    return null;
}

例外：

java.lang.NullPointerException
        at me.Sansanvi.Encryption.api.ComputerAPI.decrypt(ComputerAPI.java:149)
        at me.Sansanvi.Encryption.EncryptionMain.initializeFiles(EncryptionMain.java:46)
        at me.Sansanvi.Encryption.EncryptionMain.<init>(EncryptionMain.java:36)
        at me.Sansanvi.Encryption.EncryptionMain$1.run(EncryptionMain.java:23)
        at java.awt.event.InvocationEvent.dispatch(Unknown Source)
        at java.awt.EventQueue.dispatchEventImpl(Unknown Source)
        at java.awt.EventQueue.access$200(Unknown Source)
        at java.awt.EventQueue$3.run(Unknown Source)
        at java.awt.EventQueue$3.run(Unknown Source)
        at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method)
        at java.security.ProtectionDomain$1.doIntersectionPrivilege(Unknown Source)
        at java.awt.EventQueue.dispatchEvent(Unknown Source)
        at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpOneEventForFilters(Unknown Source)
        at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpEventsForFilter(Unknown Source)
        at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpEventsForHierarchy(Unknown Source)
        at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpEvents(Unknown Source)
        at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpEvents(Unknown Source)
        at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.run(Unknown Source)

我将方法更改为以下并且它们有效：

private static final String ALGORITHM = "AES";
    public static byte[] encrypt(byte[] str) {
    try {
        SecretKeySpec secretKey = new SecretKeySpec("MZygpewJsCpRrfOr".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8), ALGORITHM);
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(ALGORITHM);
        cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, secretKey);

        return cipher.doFinal(str);
    } catch (Exception e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
    return null;
}
public static byte[] decrypt(byte[] str) {
    try {
        SecretKeySpec secretKey = new SecretKeySpec("MZygpewJsCpRrfOr".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8), ALGORITHM);
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(ALGORITHM);
        cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, secretKey);

        return cipher.doFinal(str);
    } catch (Exception e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
    return null;
}

我不再收到任何错误/异常，但当我关闭应用程序时，我在控制台中收到此消息：

[0x7FFC837C7430] ANOMALY: use of REX.w is meaningless (default operand size is 64)
[0x7FFC837C7430] ANOMALY: use of REX.w is meaningless (default operand size is 64)
[0x7FFC837C7430] ANOMALY: use of REX.w is meaningless (default operand size is 64)
[0x7FFC837C7430] ANOMALY: use of REX.w is meaningless (default operand size is 64)
[0x7FFC837C7430] ANOMALY: use of REX.w is meaningless (default operand size is 64)
[0x7FFC837C7430] ANOMALY: use of REX.w is meaningless (default operand size is 64)
[0x7FFC837C7430] ANOMALY: use of REX.w is meaningless (default operand size is 64)
[0x7FFC837C7430] ANOMALY: use of REX.w is meaningless (default operand size is 64)

您至少有四个问题，而您只发现了其中之一。

1. IV 是在期间生成的en加密并使用。期间需要使用完全相同的 IVde加密。 IV 不应该是秘密的。您只需将其与密文一起发送/存储即可。通常，IV 存储在密文之前，并在解密之前将其切掉。
   对于 CBC 模式，它只需要是不可预测的（读：随机）。对于 CTR 模式，它需要是唯一的（当使用相同的密钥时）。

2. 随机盐需要以与 IV 完全相同的方式处理：它不是秘密的，可以写在密文前面。

3. String不是二进制数据的容器。当你使用new String(encryptedText)，您可能会丢失一些无法打印的字节，这会破坏您的密文并使明文无法恢复。您需要使用 Base64 或 Hex 编码之类的东西将二进制数据表示为可打印文本。

4. If you encrypt something, you need two things: a plaintext and a password (used for key derivation). You also need to two things during decryption: a ciphertext and a password (key). You're using the same string value during encryption. The ciphertext is then mangled in such a way that you would need the original string value during decryption. And that would defeat the purpose of encrypting it in the first place. Your encryption method is basically a hash function.
   ^{Thanks to wittyameta https://stackoverflow.com/users/4746692/wittyameta for pointing this out.}

因此，生成的代码将类似于以下内容：

public static String encrypt(String str, String password) {
    try {
        SecureRandom random = new SecureRandom();
        byte[] salt = new byte[16];
        random.nextBytes(salt);

        SecretKeyFactory factory = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance("PBKDF2WithHmacSHA1");
        KeySpec spec = new PBEKeySpec(password.toCharArray(), salt, 65536, 256);
        SecretKey tmp = factory.generateSecret(spec);
        SecretKey secret = new SecretKeySpec(tmp.getEncoded(), "AES");

        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES/CBC/PKCS5Padding");
        cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, secret);
        AlgorithmParameters params = cipher.getParameters();
        byte[] iv = params.getParameterSpec(IvParameterSpec.class).getIV();
        byte[] encryptedText = cipher.doFinal(str.getBytes("UTF-8"));

        // concatenate salt + iv + ciphertext
        ByteArrayOutputStream outputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
        outputStream.write(salt);
        outputStream.write(iv);
        outputStream.write(encryptedText);

        // properly encode the complete ciphertext
        return DatatypeConverter.printBase64Binary(outputStream.toByteArray());
    } catch (Exception e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
    return null;
}

public static String decrypt(String str, String password) {
    try {
        byte[] ciphertext = DatatypeConverter.parseBase64Binary(str);
        if (ciphertext.length < 48) {
            return null;
        }
        byte[] salt = Arrays.copyOfRange(ciphertext, 0, 16);
        byte[] iv = Arrays.copyOfRange(ciphertext, 16, 32);
        byte[] ct = Arrays.copyOfRange(ciphertext, 32, ciphertext.length);

        SecretKeyFactory factory = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance("PBKDF2WithHmacSHA1");
        KeySpec spec = new PBEKeySpec(password.toCharArray(), salt, 65536, 256);
        SecretKey tmp = factory.generateSecret(spec);
        SecretKey secret = new SecretKeySpec(tmp.getEncoded(), "AES");
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES/CBC/PKCS5Padding");

        cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, secret, new IvParameterSpec(iv));
        byte[] plaintext = cipher.doFinal(ct);

        return new String(plaintext, "UTF-8");
    } catch (Exception e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
    return null;
}

我用过this https://stackoverflow.com/a/2054226/1816580用于 Java 7 兼容的 Base64 编码/解码。