C++的struct和class的区别

1. C++的struct和class的区别

1.1 成员访问范围的差异

1. struct

struct Person {
    int age;
}
Person person = new Person();
person.age = 12;

可以正常的编译和执行。

2. class

class Person {
    int age;
}
Person person = new Person();
person.age = 12; // 编译出错，应改为public int age;

【扩展】如果不增加public关键字，又想在某个类如ClassA中能访问到这个Person类中的成员，可以通过友元类(friend class Xxx)来将Person中的private和protected的成员共享出去。
Person类可以这么编写：

struct Person {
   	 friend class ClassA;
     int age;
}
Person person = new Person();
person.age = 12;

在ClassA中，就可以访问Person中的所有成员了。

void ClassA:setAge() {
	Person *person = new Person();
	person->age = 12;
}

关于友元类的使用，可见c++论坛：https://cplusplus.com/forum/beginner/147733/

1.1 继承关系访问范围的差异

指的是子对象是否可访问到父对象中的成员。

1. struct : struct

struct SBase {
public:
    int age = 0;
    SBase() = default;
    virtual ~SBase() = default;
};

struct Person : SBase {
public:
    Person() = default;
    virtual ~Person() = default;
};

int main(int argc, const char **argv)
{
    Person* child = new Person();
    child->age = 1;
    fprintf(stdout, "test: age=%d\n", child->age);
}

访问正常。

2. struct : class

class CBase {
public:
    int age = 0;
    CBase() = default;
    virtual ~CBase() = default;
};

struct Person : CBase {
public:
    Person() = default;
    virtual ~Person() = default;
};

int main(int argc, const char **argv)
{
    Person* child = new Person();
    child->age = 1;
    fprintf(stdout, "test: age=%d\n", child->age);
}

访问正常。

3. struct : private class

class CBase {
public:
    int age = 0;
    CBase() = default;
    virtual ~CBase() = default;
};

struct Person : private CBase {
public:
    Person() = default;
    virtual ~Person() = default;
};

int main(int argc, const char **argv)
{
    Person* child = new Person();
    child->age = 1;
    fprintf(stdout, "test: age=%d\n", child->age);
}

编译错误：不可访问。

4. class : class

class CBase {
public:
    int age = 0;
    CBase() = default;
    virtual ~CBase() = default;
};

class Person : CBase {
public:
    Person() = default;
    virtual ~Person() = default;
};

int main(int argc, const char **argv)
{
    Person* child = new Person();
    child->age = 1;
    fprintf(stdout, "test: age=%d\n", child->age);
}

编译错误：不可访问。

5. class : public class

class CBase {
public:
    int age = 0;
    CBase() = default;
    virtual ~CBase() = default;
};

class Person : public CBase {
public:
    Person() = default;
    virtual ~Person() = default;
};

int main(int argc, const char **argv)
{
    Person* child = new Person();
    child->age = 1;
    fprintf(stdout, "test: age=%d\n", child->age);
}

访问正常。

6. class : struct

struct SBase {
public:
    int age = 0;
    SBase() = default;
    virtual ~SBase() = default;
};

struct Person : SBase {
public:
    Person() = default;
    virtual ~Person() = default;
};

int main(int argc, const char **argv)
{
    Person* child = new Person();
    child->age = 1;
    fprintf(stdout, "test: age=%d\n", child->age);
}

访问正常。

7. class : public struct

struct SBase {
public:
    int age = 0;
    SBase() = default;
    virtual ~SBase() = default;
};

struct Person : public SBase {
public:
    Person() = default;
    virtual ~Person() = default;
};

int main(int argc, const char **argv)
{
    Person* child = new Person();
    child->age = 1;
    fprintf(stdout, "test: age=%d\n", child->age);
}

访问正常。

【总结】
1）子为class的，要想访问到父的public成员，需要加public关键字，即class: public xxx
2）子为struct，可加可不加public，都能访问到父类/结构体的成员

1.3 {}初始化的差异

1. struct – 纯数据+一般方法

struct StructA {
    void send();
    int a;
    long b;
    string str;
};

void StructA::send()
{
    fprintf(stdout, "StructA: sending...\n");
}

int main(int argc, const char **argv)
{
    StructA aS = {12, 34, "a test"};
    aS.send();
    fprintf(stdout, "StructA: a=%d, b=%ld, str=%s\n", aS.a, aS.b, aS.str.c_str());
}

可直接用{}初始化数据：

2. struct – 带构造函数

struct StructA {
    void send();
    int a;
    long b;
    string str;
    StructA();
};

void StructA::send()
{
    fprintf(stdout, "StructA: sending...\n");
}

int main(int argc, const char **argv)
{
    StructA aS = {12, 34, "a test"};
    aS.send();
    fprintf(stdout, "StructA: a=%d, b=%ld, str=%s\n", aS.a, aS.b, aS.str.c_str());
}

编译失败：

3. struct – 带虚方法

struct StructA {
    void virtual send();
    int a;
    long b;
    string str;
};

void StructA::send()
{
    fprintf(stdout, "StructA: sending...\n");
}

int main(int argc, const char **argv)
{
    StructA aS = {12, 34, "a test"};
    aS.send();
    fprintf(stdout, "StructA: a=%d, b=%ld, str=%s\n", aS.a, aS.b, aS.str.c_str());
}

编译失败：

4. class

class ClassA {
    int a;
    long b;
    string str;
};

int main(int argc, const char **argv)
{
    ClassA cA = {12, 34, "a test"};
}

编译失败：

2. 拓展：C和C++的struct的区别