Linux设备驱动程序(LDD)中snull的编译问题

2023-05-16

对LDD中snull程序，编译的时候会有许多问题，鉴于网上还没有合适的解决办法，做此总结，整理知识。本文在debian6.0上运行通过，内核版本为2.6.32。

学习LDD中网络驱动程序部分，理解snull程序的原理很有必要。snull不依赖于硬件，数据包的收发都属于内存操作，但对整个网络驱动程序原理已经做了很好的阐述。程序并不复杂，相比e100.c;8139too.c;pci-skeleton.c，容易理解的多。作者写这本书的时候尚是2.6.11的年代，与现在内核版本相比，有些接口发生了变化，这是snull编译失败的直接原因。本文将描述snull的修改方法，并指出发生变化的接口。本文在debian6.0上运行通过，内核版本为2.6.32。

本文提供了修改完成后的makefile和snull.c，并生成了patch文件。

本文内容

1）常见问题

2）正确的snull编译方法

3）文件下载

一常见问题

这是我自己遇到的，和网上看到的部分问题，现一一阐述原因，并在第二段(见下文）中阐述解决方法。如果在这些问题之外，还有问题，清大家留言，方便讨论。至于详细的接口变化，我会另写文章，一一说明。

1）错误描述：

make -C /lib/modules/2.6.32-5-686/build M=/home/xiebiwei/dev/code/Ldd/snull modules
make: *** /lib/modules/2.6.32-5-686/build: No such file or directory. Stop.
make: *** [default] Error 2

问题原因：没有安装内核源代码树，或者是安装了内核源代码树后，没有修改makefile中的kerneldir。

2）错误描述：

make -C /lib/modules/2.6.32/build M=/home/xiebiwei/dev/code/Ldd/snull modules
make[1]: Entering directory `/usr/src/linux-source-2.6.32'
scripts/Makefile.build:49: *** CFLAGS was changed in "/home/xiebiwei/dev/code/Ldd/snull/Makefile". Fix it to use EXTRA_CFLAGS. Stop.
make[1]: *** [_module_/home/xiebiwei/dev/code/Ldd/snull] Error 2
make[1]: Leaving directory `/usr/src/linux-source-2.6.32'
make: *** [default] Error 2

问题原因：内核版本不同，最近版本已经把CFLAGS变为EXTRA_CFLAGS

3）错误描述：

make -C /lib/modules/2.6.32/build M=/home/xiebiwei/dev/code/Ldd/snull modules
make[1]: Entering directory `/usr/src/linux-source-2.6.32'
CC [M] /home/xiebiwei/dev/code/Ldd/snull/snull.o
/home/xiebiwei/dev/code/Ldd/snull/snull.c:18:26: error: linux/config.h: No such file or directory
/home/xiebiwei/dev/code/Ldd/snull/snull.c: In function ‘snull_poll’:
/home/xiebiwei/dev/code/Ldd/snull/snull.c:289: error: ‘struct net_device’ has no member named ‘quota’
/home/xiebiwei/dev/code/Ldd/snull/snull.c:289: warning: type defaults to ‘int’ in declaration of ‘_min1’
/home/xiebiwei/dev/code/Ldd/snull/snull.c:289: error: ‘struct net_device’ has no member named ‘quota’
/home/xiebiwei/dev/code/Ldd/snull/snull.c:319: error: ‘struct net_device’ has no member named ‘quota’
/home/xiebiwei/dev/code/Ldd/snull/snull.c:321: error: implicit declaration of function ‘netif_rx_complete’
/home/xiebiwei/dev/code/Ldd/snull/snull.c: In function ‘snull_napi_interrupt’:
/home/xiebiwei/dev/code/Ldd/snull/snull.c:406: error: implicit declaration of function ‘netif_rx_schedule’
/home/xiebiwei/dev/code/Ldd/snull/snull.c: In function ‘snull_init’:
/home/xiebiwei/dev/code/Ldd/snull/snull.c:647: error: ‘struct net_device’ has no member named ‘open’
/home/xiebiwei/dev/code/Ldd/snull/snull.c:648: error: ‘struct net_device’ has no member named ‘stop’
/home/xiebiwei/dev/code/Ldd/snull/snull.c:649: error: ‘struct net_device’ has no member named ‘set_config’
/home/xiebiwei/dev/code/Ldd/snull/snull.c:650: error: ‘struct net_device’ has no member named ‘hard_start_xmit’
/home/xiebiwei/dev/code/Ldd/snull/snull.c:651: error: ‘struct net_device’ has no member named ‘do_ioctl’
/home/xiebiwei/dev/code/Ldd/snull/snull.c:652: error: ‘struct net_device’ has no member named ‘get_stats’
/home/xiebiwei/dev/code/Ldd/snull/snull.c:653: error: ‘struct net_device’ has no member named ‘change_mtu’
/home/xiebiwei/dev/code/Ldd/snull/snull.c:654: error: ‘struct net_device’ has no member named ‘rebuild_header’
/home/xiebiwei/dev/code/Ldd/snull/snull.c:655: error: ‘struct net_device’ has no member named ‘hard_header’
/home/xiebiwei/dev/code/Ldd/snull/snull.c:656: error: ‘struct net_device’ has no member named ‘tx_timeout’
/home/xiebiwei/dev/code/Ldd/snull/snull.c:659: error: ‘struct net_device’ has no member named ‘poll’
/home/xiebiwei/dev/code/Ldd/snull/snull.c:660: error: ‘struct net_device’ has no member named ‘weight’
/home/xiebiwei/dev/code/Ldd/snull/snull.c:665: error: ‘struct net_device’ has no member named ‘hard_header_cache’
make[2]: *** [/home/xiebiwei/dev/code/Ldd/snull/snull.o] Error 1
make[1]: *** [_module_/home/xiebiwei/dev/code/Ldd/snull] Error 2
make[1]: Leaving directory `/usr/src/linux-source-2.6.32'
make: *** [default] Error 2

问题原因：

1 config.h在2.6.32内核中已经不存在，需要用相应头文件替换

2 struct net_device 的结构在新版本内核中发生了变化，删去了quota成员；将(open,stop,set_config,hard_start_xmit等）封装进了struct net_device_ops；将(poll,weight等)封装进了 struct napi_struct；将(hard_header,hard_header_cache,rebuild等）封装进了struct header_ops。并对部分函数名和参数进行了变动。

3 netif_rx_complete和netif_rx_schedule属于poll机制中的函数，接口名称已经变为napi_complete和napi_schedule。

二正确的snull编译方法

1）构造内核源代码树

这是编写驱动程序的必要准备，否则会无法编译驱动程序。模块在编译的时候必须调用内核的函数（模块属于内核的一部分，无法调用glibc），故而构造源代码树很必要。

请参考：debian上的详细步骤：http://blog.csdn.net/xiebiwei/archive/2011/02/20/6196818.aspx

debian中下载kernel比较方便，而比较通用的下载kernel方式如下：

用 " uname -r " 查看系统内核版本，到 linux的kernel网站（http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/ ）查找相应版本的内核源文件，下载并将其置于"/usr/src/"下。

接下来便可用上述链接中的方法解压缩内核源代码并编译了。

2）修改MakeFile

I) 将CFLAGS修改为EXTRA_CFLAGS，属于内核升级带来的接口变化。查看

II)修改KERNELDIR为正确的模块编译目录，即构造内核源代码树时生成的目录，一般为" /lib/modules /**/build"。查看

3）修改源文件snull.c

I)头文件中的<linux/config.h>,在新内核中已经被删除，查看老版本内核的该文件内容，并替换。查看

II) 修改 struct snull_priv ，添加struct napi_struct、struct net_device两个结构体的成员变量。2.6.32内核将poll()、weight等封装进了napi_struct，故而想实现轮询机制必须在private中定义napi_struct。查看

III) 修改函数：snull_poll。2.6.32内核中，struct net_device去除了quota，quota是设备对接收数据包数量的限制；poll函数接口参数也发生了变化，变为了 static int (*poll)(struct napi_struct,int)，故而函数体也需要稍做调整，比如priv指针的获取等。查看

IV) 修改函数snull_napi_interrupt，该函数中调度poll的函数接口变为了napi_schedule(struct napi_struct *)。查看

V) 修改函数snull_init。struct net_device的定义发生了变化。查看

将open、stop、set_config等操作封装进了结构体 struct net_device_ops。查看

将harder_header、rebuild_header等操作封装进了struct header_ops；poll则封装进了struct napi_stuct。查看

三示例文件下载

下载链接 (包括snull.c makefile snull_2.6.32.patch)

使用方法：可以直接覆盖snull.c和makefile。也可以只将patch文件拷贝到snull/下后运行patch -p1 < snull_2.6.32.patch

patch文件

diff -uNr snull_original/Makefile snull/Makefile
--- snull_original/Makefile 2005-01-31 15:31:02.000000000 -0500
+++ snull/Makefile 2011-02-24 17:45:39.000000000 -0500
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
   DEBFLAGS = -O2
endif

-CFLAGS += $(DEBFLAGS)
-CFLAGS += -I..
+EXTRA_CFLAGS += $(DEBFLAGS)
+EXTRA_CFLAGS += -I..

ifneq ($(KERNELRELEASE),)
# call from kernel build system
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@

else

-KERNELDIR ?= /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build
+KERNELDIR ?= /lib/modules/2.6.32/build
PWD       := $(shell pwd)

default:
diff -uNr snull_original/snull.c snull/snull.c
--- snull_original/snull.c 2005-01-31 15:31:02.000000000 -0500
+++ snull/snull.c 2011-02-26 19:50:06.000000000 -0500
@@ -14,8 +14,10 @@
*
* $Id: snull.c,v 1.21 2004/11/05 02:36:03 rubini Exp $
*/
-
-#include <linux/config.h>
+#ifdef LINUX_CONFIG_H
+#define LINUX_CONFIG_H
+#include <linux/autoconf.h>
+#endif
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/moduleparam.h>
@@ -87,6 +89,9 @@
  u8 *tx_packetdata;
  struct sk_buff *skb;
  spinlock_t lock;
+
+      struct napi_struct napi;
+      struct net_device *dev;
};

static void snull_tx_timeout(struct net_device *dev);
@@ -284,11 +289,12 @@
/*
* The poll implementation.
*/

-static int snull_poll(struct net_device *dev, int *budget)
+static int snull_poll(struct napi_struct *napi, int budget)
{
- int npackets = 0, quota = min(dev->quota, *budget);
+ int npackets = 0, quota = budget;
  struct sk_buff *skb;
- struct snull_priv *priv = netdev_priv(dev);
+ struct snull_priv *priv = container_of(napi,struct snull_priv,napi);
+      struct net_device *dev=priv->dev;
  struct snull_packet *pkt;

  while (npackets < quota && priv->rx_queue) {
@@ -315,10 +321,8 @@
   snull_release_buffer(pkt);
  }
  /* If we processed all packets, we're done; tell the kernel and reenable ints */
- *budget -= npackets;
- dev->quota -= npackets;
  if (! priv->rx_queue) {
-  netif_rx_complete(dev);
+  napi_complete(&priv->napi);
   snull_rx_ints(dev, 1);
   return 0;
  }
@@ -403,7 +407,7 @@
  priv->status = 0;
  if (statusword & SNULL_RX_INTR) {
   snull_rx_ints(dev, 0); /* Disable further interrupts */
- netif_rx_schedule(dev);
+  napi_schedule(&priv->napi);
  }
  if (statusword & SNULL_TX_INTR) {
         /* a transmission is over: free the skb */
@@ -585,8 +589,8 @@

int snull_header(struct sk_buff *skb, struct net_device *dev,
-                unsigned short type, void *daddr, void *saddr,
-                unsigned int len)
+                unsigned short type, const void *daddr, const void *saddr,
+                unsigned len)
{
  struct ethhdr *eth = (struct ethhdr *)skb_push(skb,ETH_HLEN);

@@ -627,6 +631,25 @@
* The init function (sometimes called probe).
* It is invoked by register_netdev()
*/
+
+static const struct net_device_ops snull_dev_ops = {
+
+ .ndo_open  =snull_open,
+ .ndo_stop  =snull_release,
+ .ndo_set_config =snull_config,
+ .ndo_start_xmit =snull_tx,
+ .ndo_do_ioctl =snull_ioctl,
+ .ndo_get_stats =snull_stats,
+ .ndo_change_mtu =snull_change_mtu,
+ .ndo_tx_timeout =snull_tx_timeout,
+};
+
+static const struct header_ops snull_header_ops= {
+ .create =snull_header,
+ .rebuild =snull_rebuild_header,
+ .cache = NULL,             /* Disable caching */
+};
+
void snull_init(struct net_device *dev)
{
  struct snull_priv *priv;
@@ -644,25 +667,13 @@
   */
  ether_setup(dev); /* assign some of the fields */

- dev->open            = snull_open;
- dev->stop            = snull_release;
- dev->set_config      = snull_config;
- dev->hard_start_xmit = snull_tx;
- dev->do_ioctl        = snull_ioctl;
- dev->get_stats       = snull_stats;
- dev->change_mtu      = snull_change_mtu;
- dev->rebuild_header = snull_rebuild_header;
- dev->hard_header     = snull_header;
- dev->tx_timeout      = snull_tx_timeout;
+ dev->netdev_ops = &snull_dev_ops;
+ dev->header_ops = &snull_header_ops;
  dev->watchdog_timeo = timeout;
- if (use_napi) {
-  dev->poll        = snull_poll;
-  dev->weight      = 2;
- }
+
  /* keep the default flags, just add NOARP */
  dev->flags           |= IFF_NOARP;
  dev->features        |= NETIF_F_NO_CSUM;
- dev->hard_header_cache = NULL;      /* Disable caching */

  /*
   * Then, initialize the priv field. This encloses the statistics
@@ -670,9 +681,15 @@
   */
  priv = netdev_priv(dev);
  memset(priv, 0, sizeof(struct snull_priv));
+ priv->dev = dev;
+
  spin_lock_init(&priv->lock);
  snull_rx_ints(dev, 1);  /* enable receive interrupts */
  snull_setup_pool(dev);
+ if (use_napi) {
+  netif_napi_add(dev,&priv->napi,snull_poll,2);
+ }
+
}

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