Cross Talk Among Reactive Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulfur During Abiotic Stress in Plants
（https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781119468677.ch38）
Summary
Reactive oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur species play vital roles in cellular homeostasis and act as key signaling molecules under abiotic stress(非生物逆境). They are formed in plants naturally during normal metabolism of oxygen and as byproducts（副产品） of various biochemical processes in mitochondria, peroxisomes（过氧化物酶体） and other cellular compartments. Plant response to abiotic stress is complex and involves numerous physiological（生理上的）, molecular, and cellular adaptations. The production of various free radicals（自由基） gets enhanced dramatically under environmental stress. The accumulation of these free radicals results in significant damage to cells and cellular components like lipids, proteins, carbohydrates（碳水化合物）, and nucleic acids resulting in the formation of oxidative stress（氧化应激）. The ingredients（成分） of oxidative stress include a variety of reactive species such as reactive oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur species collectively known as RONSS. Signaling responses to RONSS include the activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases（有丝分裂原激活蛋白激酶）, the up‐ and down‐regulation of gene expression and generation of localized programmed cell death. The RONSS regulated genes are mostly related to the antioxidative defense system of the plant and are responsible for the activity of antioxidative enzymes, and production of polyamines（多胺/聚胺） and osmoprotectants（调渗物质）. Therefore, RONSS are key molecules which may help to coordinate events following abiotic stress. Here in this chapter we aim to focus the generation, role and crosstalk of reactive oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur species in plant cells under abiotic stress.
