httpd是Apache超文本传输协议（HTTP）服务器的主程序。被设计为一个独立运行的后台进程，它会建立一个处理请求的子进程或线程的池。
通常，httpd不应该被直接调用，而应该在类Unix系统中由apachectl调用，在Windows中作为服务运行。
本文主要介绍httpd的两大版本，httpd-2.2和httpd-2.4。
httpd有很多特性，下面就分别来说说httpd-2.2版本和httpd-2.4版本各自的特性。
| 版本 | 特性 |
|---|---|
| 2.2 | 1. 事先创建进程 2. 按需维持适当的进程 3. 模块化设计，核心比较小，各种功能通过模块添加（包括PHP），支持运行时配置，支持单独编译模块 4. 支持多种方式的虚拟主机配置，如基于ip的虚拟主机，基于端口的虚拟主机，基于域名的虚拟主机等 5. 支持https协议（通过mod_ssl模块实现） 6. 支持用户认证 7. 支持基于IP或域名的ACL访问控制机制 8. 支持每目录的访问控制（用户访问默认主页时不需要提供用户名和密码，但是用户访问某特定目录时需要提供用户名和密码） 9. 支持URL重写 10. 支持MPM（Multi Path Modules，多处理模块）。用于定义httpd的工作模型（单进程、单进程多线程、多进程、多进程单线程、多进程多线程） |
| 2.4 | httpd-2.4的新特性： 1. MPM支持运行DSO机制（Dynamic Share Object，模块的动态装/卸载机制），以模块形式按需加载 2. 支持event MPM，eventMPM模块生产环境可用 3. 支持异步读写 4. 支持每个模块及每个目录分别使用各自的日志级别 5. 每个请求相关的专业配置，使用来配置 6. 增强版的表达式分析器 7. 支持毫秒级的keepalive timeout 8. 基于FQDN的虚拟主机不再需要NameVirtualHost指令 9. 支持用户自定义变量 10. 支持新的指令（AllowOverrideList） 11. 降低对内存的消耗 |
| 工作模型(不能同时使用) | 工作方式 |
|---|---|
| prefork(默认) | 多进程模型，预先生成进程，一个请求用一个进程响应 一个主进程负责生成n个子进程，子进程也称为工作进程 每个子进程处理一个用户请求，即使没有用户请求，也会预先生成多个空闲进程，随时等待请求到达，最大不会超过1024个 |
| worker | 基于线程工作，一个请求用一个线程响应（启动多个进程，每个进程生成多个线程） |
| event | 基于事件的驱动，一个进程处理多个请求 |
httpd-2.4在之前的版本基础上新增了几大模块，下面就几个常用的来介绍一下。
| 模块 | 功能 |
|---|---|
| mod_proxy_fcgi | 反向代理时支持apache服务器后端协议的模块 |
| mod_ratelimit | 提供速率限制功能的模块 |
| mod_remoteip | 基于ip的访问控制机制被改变，不再支持使用Order，Deny，Allow来做基于IP的访问控制 |
| 工具 | 功能 |
|---|---|
| htpasswd | basic认证基于文件实现时，用到的帐号密码生成工具 |
| apachectl | httpd自带的服务控制脚本，支持start，stop，restart |
| apxs | 由httpd-devel包提供的，扩展httpd使用第三方模块的工具 |
| rotatelogs | 日志滚动工具 |
| suexec | 访问某些有特殊权限配置的资源时，临时切换至指定用户运行的工具 |
| ab | apache benchmark，httpd的压力测试工具 |
apachectl stop=systemctl stop httpd
yum用systemctl
rpm用apachectl
| 文件/目录 | 对应的功能 |
|---|---|
| /var/log/httpd/access.log | 访问日志 |
| /var/log/httpd/error_log | 错误日志 |
| /var/www/html/ | 站点文档目录 |
| /usr/lib64/httpd/modules/ | 模块文件路径 |
| /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf | 主配置文件 |
| /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/*.conf | 模块配置文件 |
| /etc/httpd/conf.d/*.conf | 辅助配置文件 |
mpm：以DSO机制提供，配置文件为/etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-mpm.conf
[root@yeqixian1 ~]# getenforce
Disabled
[root@yeqixian1 ~]# systemctl status firewalld
● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: inactive (dead)
Docs: man:firewalld(1)
[root@yeqixian1 ~]# yum -y install httpd
[root@yeqixian1 ~]# ls /etc/httpd/
conf conf.d conf.modules.d logs modules run
网站所放的位置
[root@yeqixian1 ~]# ls /var/www/html/(默认为无)
[root@yeqixian1 ~]# systemctl start httpd(启动httpd服务)
[root@yeqixian1 ~]# ll /var/log/httpd
total 4
-rw-r–r-- 1 root root 0 May 11 18:41 access_log
-rw-r–r-- 1 root root 793 May 11 18:41 error_log
//切换使用MPM（编辑/etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-mpm.conf文件）：
[root@yeqixian1 ~]# vim /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-mpm.conf(想用什么工作模型；就取消其前面的注释)
# Select the MPM module which should be used by uncommenting exactly
# one of the following LoadModule lines:
# prefork MPM: Implements a non-threaded, pre-forking web server
# See: http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/prefork.html
LoadModule mpm_prefork_module modules/mod_mpm_prefork.so(prefork)
# worker MPM: Multi-Processing Module implementing a hybrid
# multi-threaded multi-process web server
# See: http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/worker.html
#
#LoadModule mpm_worker_module modules/mod_mpm_worker.so(worker)
# event MPM: A variant of the worker MPM with the goal of consuming
# threads only for connections with active processing
# See: http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/event.html
#
#LoadModule mpm_event_module modules/mod_mpm_event.so(event)
[root@yeqixian ~]# httpd -M|grep prefork
AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using fe80::b11b:ad9d:46c7:b3ec. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppress this message
mpm_prefork_module (shared)
[root@yeqixian ~]# httpd -M|grep worker
AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using fe80::b11b:ad9d:46c7:b3ec. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppress this message
[root@yeqixian ~]# httpd -M|grep event
AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using fe80::b11b:ad9d:46c7:b3ec. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppress this message
curl是基于URL语法在命令行方式下工作的文件传输工具，它支持FTP，FTPS，HTTP，HTTPS，GOPHER，TELNET，DICT，FILE及LDAP等协议。
curl支持以下功能：
//常用的options：
-A/–user-agent //设置用户代理发送给服务器
-basic //使用Http基本认证
–tcp-nodelay //使用TCP_NODELAY选项
-e/–referer //来源网址
–cacert //CA证书（SSL）
–compressed //要求返回时压缩的格式
-H/–header
-I/–head //只显示响应报文首部信息
–limit-rate //设置传输速度
-u/–user <user[:password]> //设置服务器的用户和密码
-0/–http1 //使用http 1.0版本，默认使用1.1版本。这个选项是数字0而不是字母o
-o/–output //把输出写到文件中
-#/–progress-bar //进度条显示当前的传送状态
[root@yeqixian ~]# curl http://192.168.116.145
root@yeqixian ~]# curl -o baidu http://www.baidu.com
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 2381 100 2381 0 0 12833 0 --:–:-- --:–:-- --:–:-- 12940
[root@yeqixian ~]# ls
20200507_叶启贤_shell_nfs脚本_作业提交.sh info
aaa mima
anaconda-ks.cfg nfs-sh
backup.tar.gz rsa
baidu rsa.pub
gg sg
ggg ssh.sh
httpd-2.4.43 text
httpd-2.4.43.tar.gz yeqixian.tar.gz
[root@yeqixian ~]# cp baidu /opt/fff/
//常用的options：
-l //查看静态编译的模块，列出核心中编译了哪些模块。
//它不会列出使用LoadModule指令动态加载的模块
-M //输出一个已经启用的模块列表，包括静态编译在服务
//器中的模块和作为DSO动态加载的模块
-v //显示httpd的版本，然后退出
-V //显示httpd和apr/apr-util的版本和编译参数，然后退出
-X //以调试模式运行httpd。仅启动一个工作进程，并且
//服务器不与控制台脱离
-t //检查配置文件是否有语法错误(=apachectl -t)
[root@yeqixian ~]# httpd -l
Compiled in modules:
core.c
mod_so.c
http_core.c
[root@yeqixian ~]# httpd -M
AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using fe80::b11b:ad9d:46c7:b3ec. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppress this message
Loaded Modules:
core_module (static)
so_module (static)
http_module (static)
access_compat_module (shared)
actions_module (shared)
alias_module (shared)
allowmethods_module (shared)
auth_basic_module (shared)
auth_digest_module (shared)
authn_anon_module (shared)
authn_core_module (shared)
authn_dbd_module (shared)
authn_dbm_module (shared)
authn_file_module (shared)
authn_socache_module (shared)
authz_core_module (shared)
authz_dbd_module (shared)
authz_dbm_module (shared)
authz_groupfile_module (shared)
authz_host_module (shared)
authz_owner_module (shared)
authz_user_module (shared)
autoindex_module (shared)
cache_module (shared)
cache_disk_module (shared)
data_module (shared)
dbd_module (shared)
deflate_module (shared)
dir_module (shared)
dumpio_module (shared)
echo_module (shared)
env_module (shared)
expires_module (shared)
ext_filter_module (shared)
filter_module (shared)
headers_module (shared)
include_module (shared)
info_module (shared)
log_config_module (shared)
logio_module (shared)
mime_magic_module (shared)
mime_module (shared)
negotiation_module (shared)
remoteip_module (shared)
reqtimeout_module (shared)
rewrite_module (shared)
setenvif_module (shared)
slotmem_plain_module (shared)
slotmem_shm_module (shared)
socache_dbm_module (shared)
socache_memcache_module (shared)
socache_shmcb_module (shared)
status_module (shared)
substitute_module (shared)
suexec_module (shared)
unique_id_module (shared)
unixd_module (shared)
userdir_module (shared)
version_module (shared)
vhost_alias_module (shared)
dav_module (shared)
dav_fs_module (shared)
dav_lock_module (shared)
lua_module (shared)
mpm_prefork_module (shared)
proxy_module (shared)
lbmethod_bybusyness_module (shared)
lbmethod_byrequests_module (shared)
lbmethod_bytraffic_module (shared)
lbmethod_heartbeat_module (shared)
proxy_ajp_module (shared)
proxy_balancer_module (shared)
proxy_connect_module (shared)
proxy_express_module (shared)
proxy_fcgi_module (shared)
proxy_fdpass_module (shared)
proxy_ftp_module (shared)
proxy_http_module (shared)
proxy_scgi_module (shared)
proxy_wstunnel_module (shared)
systemd_module (shared)
cgi_module (shared)
[root@yeqixian ~]# httpd -v
Server version: Apache/2.4.6 (CentOS)
Server built: Aug 8 2019 11:41:18
[root@yeqixian ~]# httpd -V
AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using fe80::b11b:ad9d:46c7:b3ec. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppress this message
Server version: Apache/2.4.6 (CentOS)
Server built: Aug 8 2019 11:41:18
Server's Module Magic Number: 20120211:24
Server loaded: APR 1.4.8, APR-UTIL 1.5.2
Compiled using: APR 1.4.8, APR-UTIL 1.5.2
Architecture: 64-bit
Server MPM: prefork
threaded: no
forked: yes (variable process count)
Server compiled with....
-D APR_HAS_SENDFILE
-D APR_HAS_MMAP
-D APR_HAVE_IPV6 (IPv4-mapped addresses enabled)
-D APR_USE_SYSVSEM_SERIALIZE
-D APR_USE_PTHREAD_SERIALIZE
-D SINGLE_LISTEN_UNSERIALIZED_ACCEPT
-D APR_HAS_OTHER_CHILD
-D AP_HAVE_RELIABLE_PIPED_LOGS
-D DYNAMIC_MODULE_LIMIT=256
-D HTTPD_ROOT="/etc/httpd"
-D SUEXEC_BIN="/usr/sbin/suexec"
-D DEFAULT_PIDLOG="/run/httpd/httpd.pid"
-D DEFAULT_SCOREBOARD="logs/apache_runtime_status"
-D DEFAULT_ERRORLOG="logs/error_log"
-D AP_TYPES_CONFIG_FILE="conf/mime.types"
-D SERVER_CONFIG_FILE="conf/httpd.conf"
[root@yeqixian ~]# httpd -X
AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using fe80::b11b:ad9d:46c7:b3ec. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppress this message
^C
[root@yeqixian ~]# httpd -t
AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using fe80::b11b:ad9d:46c7:b3ec. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppress this message
Syntax OK
[root@yeqixian ~]#
| 法则 | 功能 |
|---|---|
| Require all granted | 允许所有主机访问 |
| Require all deny | 拒绝所有主机访问 |
| Require ip IPADDR | 授权指定来源地址的主机访问 |
| Require not ip IPADDR | 拒绝指定来源地址的主机访问 |
| Require host HOSTNAME | 授权指定来源主机名的主机访问 |
| Require not host HOSTNAME | 拒绝指定来源主机名的主机访问 |
| IPADDR的类型 | HOSTNAME的类型 |
|---|---|
| IP：192.168.1.1 Network/mask192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0 Network/Length：192.168.1.0/24 Net：192.168(192.168.0.0) | FQDN：特定主机的全名 DOMAIN：指定域内的所有主机 |
注意：httpd-2.4版本默认是拒绝所有主机访问的，所以安装以后必须做显示授权访问
[root@yeqixian1 html]# echo ‘hello world’ > index.html(页面文件为index.html;不能改)
http://192.168.116.145/runtime/
示例：
<Directory /var/www/html/www>
Require not ip 192.168.1.20
Require all granted
虚拟主机有三类：
[root@yeqixian1 ~]# find / -name *vhosts.conf
/usr/share/doc/httpd-2.4.6/httpd-vhosts.conf
[root@yeqixian1 ~]# cd /etc/httpd/conf.d/
root@yeqixian1 conf.d]# cp /usr/share/doc/httpd-2.4.6/httpd-vhosts.conf .
<VirtualHost *（ip）😡@Port（端口）@@>
ServerAdmin webmaster@dummy-host.example.com（管理员的邮箱地址，不需要）
DocumentRoot “@@ServerRoot@@/docs/dummy-host.example.com”（网站放的位置）
ServerName dummy-host.example.com（域名）
ServerAlias www.dummy-host.example.com（别名，不需要）
ErrorLog “/var/log/httpd/dummy-host.example.com-error_log”（错误日志）
CustomLog “/var/log/httpd/dummy-host.example.com-access_log” common（正确日志）
[root@yeqixian1 ~]# mkdir -p /data/{www.a.com,www.b.com}
[root@yeqixian1 ~]# ll /data/
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 May 12 15:09 www.a.com
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 May 12 15:09 www.b.com
[root@yeqixian1 ~]# echo ‘www.a.com’ > www.a.com/index.html
-bash: www.a.com/index.html: No such file or directory
[root@yeqixian1 ~]# cd /data/
[root@yeqixian1 data]# echo ‘www.a.com’ > www.a.com/index.html
[root@yeqixian1 data]# echo ‘www.b.com’ > www.b.com/index.html
[root@yeqixian1 data]# httpd -t
AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server’s fully qualified domain name, using 192.168.116.145. Set the ‘ServerName’ directive globally to suppress this message
Syntax OK
[root@yeqixian1 data]# systemctl restart httpd
访问网页
http://192.168.116.145:81/（不加端口，默认是80）
[root@yeqixian1 conf.d]# vim httpd-vhosts.conf
<VirtualHost 192.168.116.145:80>
DocumentRoot “/data/www.a.com”
ServerName www.a.com
ErrorLog “/var/log/httpd/www.a.com-error_log”
CustomLog “/var/log/httpd/www.a.com-access_log” common
<Directory “/data/www.a.com”>
Require all granted
<VirtualHost 192.168.116.250:80>
DocumentRoot “/data/www.b.com”
ServerName www.b.com
ErrorLog “/var/log/httpd/www.b.com-error_log”
CustomLog “/var/log/httpd/www.b.com-access_log” common
<Directory “/data/www.b.com”>
Require all granted
[root@yeqixian1 conf.d]# ip addr add 192.168.116.250/24 dev eth0
[root@yeqixian1 conf.d]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:2a:89:d3 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.116.145/24 brd 192.168.116.255 scope global noprefixroute eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet 192.168.116.250/24 scope global secondary eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@yeqixian1 conf.d]# systemctl restart httpd
[root@yeqixian1 conf.d]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 *:45917 :
LISTEN 0 64 *:2049 :
LISTEN 0 25 *:514 :
LISTEN 0 50 *:3306 :
LISTEN 0 128 *:111 :
LISTEN 0 128 *:80 :
当访问192.168.116.145时
当访问192.168.116.250时
[root@yeqixian1 conf.d]# vim httpd-vhosts.conf
<VirtualHost *:80>
DocumentRoot “/data/www.a.com”
ServerName www.a.com
ErrorLog “/var/log/httpd/www.a.com-error_log”
CustomLog “/var/log/httpd/www.a.com-access_log” common
<Directory “/data/www.a.com”>
Require all granted
<VirtualHost *:80>
DocumentRoot “/data/www.b.com”
ServerName www.b.com
ErrorLog “/var/log/httpd/www.b.com-error_log”
CustomLog “/var/log/httpd/www.b.com-access_log” common
<Directory “/data/www.b.com”>
Require all granted
~ cat /etc/hosts
##
# Host Database
#
# localhost is used to configure the loopback interface
# when the system is booting. Do not change this entry.
##
127.0.0.1 localhost
255.255.255.255 broadcasthost
::1 localhost
118.31.33.0 zabbix.forevercq.com
0.0.0.0 account.jetbrains.com
//添加以下x行
172.16.12.128 www.wangqing.com(上文写了哪些ip和对应的域名写入到这个文件中)
要做映射(公司不需要)
C:\windows\system32\drivers\etc\hosts
\etc\hosts
//创建网页目录并修改属主属组（如果要别人可以写入）
[root@yeqixian1 conf.d]# ps -ef|grep httpd
root 22964 1 0 16:15 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
apache 22981 22964 0 16:15 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
apache（需要改变的属主） 22982 22964 0 16:15 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
apache 22983 22964 0 16:15 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
apache 22984 22964 0 16:15 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
apache 22985 22964 0 16:15 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
apache 22989 22964 0 16:15 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
root 23280 18379 0 16:21 pts/0 00:00:00 grep --color=auto httpd
[root@localhost ~]# cd /var/www/html/
[root@localhost html]# ls
[root@localhost html]# mkdir www blog
[root@localhost html]# ll
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Aug 5 16:56 blog
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Aug 5 16:56 www
[root@localhost html]# chown -R apache.apache blog
[root@localhost html]# chown -R apache.apache www
[root@localhost html]# ll
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 apache apache 6 Aug 5 16:56 blog
drwxr-xr-x 2 apache apache 6 Aug 5 16:56 www