环境规划：
| 主机名 | IP地址 | 操作系统 |
|---|---|---|
| master-1 | 16.32.15.200 | CentOS7.8 |
| node-1 | 16.32.15.201 | CentOS7.8 |
| node-2 | 16.32.15.202 | CentOS7.8 |
1、关闭防火墙
systemctl disable firewalld --now
setenforce 0
sed -i -r 's/SELINUX=[ep].*/SELINUX=disabled/g' /etc/selinux/config
2、配置域名解析
cat >> /etc/hosts << EOF
16.32.15.200 master-1
16.32.15.201 node-1
16.32.15.202 node-2
EOF
在指定主机上面修改主机名
hostnamectl set-hostname master-1 && bash
hostnamectl set-hostname node-1 && bash
hostnamectl set-hostname node-2 && bash
3、配置服务器时间保持一致
yum -y install ntpdate
ntpdate ntp1.aliyun.com
添加定时同步 每天凌晨1点自动同步时间
echo "0 1 * * * ntpdate ntp1.aliyun.com" >> /var/spool/cron/root
crontab -l
4、禁用swap交换分区（kubernetes强制要求禁用）
swapoff --all
禁止开机自启动swap交换分区
sed -i -r '/swap/ s/^/#/' /etc/fstab
5、修改Linux内核参数，添加网桥过滤器和地址转发功能
cat >> /etc/sysctl.d/kubernetes.conf <<EOF
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
EOF
sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/kubernetes.conf
加载网桥过滤器模块
modprobe br_netfilter
lsmod | grep br_netfilter # 验证是否生效
6、配置ipvs功能
在kubernetes中Service有两种代理模型，一种是基于iptables的，一种是基于ipvs，两者对比ipvs的性能要高，如果想要使用ipvs模型，需要手动载入ipvs模块
yum -y install ipset ipvsadm
cat > /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules <<EOF
modprobe -- ip_vs
modprobe -- ip_vs_rr
modprobe -- ip_vs_wrr
modprobe -- ip_vs_sh
modprobe -- nf_conntrack_ipv4
EOF
chmod +x /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules
# 执行脚本
/etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules
# 验证ipvs模块
lsmod | grep -e ip_vs -e nf_conntrack_ipv4
7、安装Docker容器组件
注意：Docker用来下载镜像、Dockerfile构建镜像等操作，和Containerd不冲突。
curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo
wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-7.repo
yum makecache
# yum-utils软件用于提供yum-config-manager程序
yum install -y yum-utils
# 使用yum-config-manager创建docker阿里存储库
yum-config-manager --add-repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
yum install docker-ce-20.10.6 docker-ce-cli-20.10.6 -y
Docker配置加速源：
mkdir /etc/docker
cat <<EOF > /etc/docker/daemon.json
{
"registry-mirrors": ["https://aoewjvel.mirror.aliyuncs.com"]
}
EOF
# 启动docker并设置开机自启
systemctl enable docker --now
systemctl status docker
8、重启服务器 可略过
reboot
三台服务器同时操作
1、安装containerd
yum -y install containerd.io-1.6.6
2、生成containerd配置文件,并修改配置文件
mkdir -p /etc/containerd
containerd config default > /etc/containerd/config.toml
修改配置文件，主要修改以下配置：
vim /etc/containerd/config.toml
SystemdCgroup = true
sandbox_image = "registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/pause:3.7"
3、启动containerd
systemctl enable containerd --now
4、添加 crictl 工具的配置文件
crictl 是一个命令行工具，用于与 CRI（Container Runtime Interface）兼容的容器运行时进行交互。在 Kubernetes 中，Kubelet 使用 CRI 接口与容器运行时进行通信，而 crictl 工具则可以用于直接与容器运行时进行交互。
cat > /etc/crictl.yaml <<EOF
runtime-endpoint: unix:///run/containerd/containerd.sock
image-endpoint: unix:///run/containerd/containerd.sock
timeout: 10
debug: false
EOF
5、配置containerd镜像加速器
指定加速器目录信息：
vim /etc/containerd/config.toml
config_path = "/etc/containerd/certs.d"
配置加速信息：
mkdir /etc/containerd/certs.d/docker.io/ -p
vim /etc/containerd/certs.d/docker.io/hosts.toml
[host."https://vh3bm52y.mirror.aliyuncs.com",host."https://registry.docker-cn.com"]
capabilities = ["pull"]
重启containerd
systemctl restart containerd
1、配置国内yum源，一键安装 kubeadm、kubelet、kubectl
cat <<EOF > /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo
[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
EOF
yum install -y kubelet-1.26.0 kubeadm-1.26.0 kubectl-1.26.0
2、kubeadm将使用kubelet服务以容器方式部署kubernetes的主要服务，所以需要先启动kubelet服务
systemctl enable kubelet.service --now
在master-1主机上进行操作
1、配置容器运行时
crictl config runtime-endpoint unix:///run/containerd/containerd.sock
2、生成初始化默认配置文件
kubeadm config print init-defaults > kubeadm.yaml
我们根据自己需求进行修改默认配置文件，我主要更改了一下配置如下：
最终初始化配置文件如下：
apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta3
bootstrapTokens:
- groups:
- system:bootstrappers:kubeadm:default-node-token
token: abcdef.0123456789abcdef
ttl: 24h0m0s
usages:
- signing
- authentication
kind: InitConfiguration
localAPIEndpoint:
advertiseAddress: 16.32.15.200
bindPort: 6443
nodeRegistration:
criSocket: unix:///run/containerd/containerd.sock
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
name: master-1
taints: null
---
apiServer:
timeoutForControlPlane: 4m0s
apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta3
certificatesDir: /etc/kubernetes/pki
clusterName: kubernetes
controllerManager: {}
dns: {}
etcd:
local:
dataDir: /var/lib/etcd
imageRepository: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers
kind: ClusterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: 1.26.0
networking:
dnsDomain: cluster.local
podSubnet: 10.244.0.0/16
serviceSubnet: 10.96.0.0/12
scheduler: {}
---
apiVersion: kubeproxy.config.k8s.io/v1alpha1
kind: KubeProxyConfiguration
mode: ipvs
---
apiVersion: kubelet.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: KubeletConfiguration
cgroupDriver: systemd
3、进行初始化
kubeadm init --config=kubeadm.yaml --ignore-preflight-errors=SystemVerification
初始化成功后输出如下内容：
[init] Using Kubernetes version: v1.26.0
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
[preflight] Pulling images required for setting up a Kubernetes cluster
[preflight] This might take a minute or two, depending on the speed of your internet connection
[preflight] You can also perform this action in beforehand using 'kubeadm config images pull'
[certs] Using certificateDir folder "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
[certs] Generating "ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "apiserver" certificate and key
[certs] apiserver serving cert is signed for DNS names [kubernetes kubernetes.default kubernetes.default.svc kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local node] and IPs [10.96.0.1 16.32.15.200]
[certs] Generating "apiserver-kubelet-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "front-proxy-ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "front-proxy-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "etcd/ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "etcd/server" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/server serving cert is signed for DNS names [localhost node] and IPs [16.32.15.200 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating "etcd/peer" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/peer serving cert is signed for DNS names [localhost node] and IPs [16.32.15.200 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating "etcd/healthcheck-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "apiserver-etcd-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "sa" key and public key
[kubeconfig] Using kubeconfig folder "/etc/kubernetes"
[kubeconfig] Writing "admin.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "kubelet.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "controller-manager.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "scheduler.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"
[kubelet-start] Starting the kubelet
[control-plane] Using manifest folder "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-apiserver"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-controller-manager"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-scheduler"
[etcd] Creating static Pod manifest for local etcd in "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[wait-control-plane] Waiting for the kubelet to boot up the control plane as static Pods from directory "/etc/kubernetes/manifests". This can take up to 4m0s
[apiclient] All control plane components are healthy after 12.003782 seconds
[upload-config] Storing the configuration used in ConfigMap "kubeadm-config" in the "kube-system" Namespace
[kubelet] Creating a ConfigMap "kubelet-config" in namespace kube-system with the configuration for the kubelets in the cluster
[upload-certs] Skipping phase. Please see --upload-certs
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node node as control-plane by adding the labels: [node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane node.kubernetes.io/exclude-from-external-load-balancers]
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node node as control-plane by adding the taints [node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane:NoSchedule]
[bootstrap-token] Using token: abcdef.0123456789abcdef
[bootstrap-token] Configuring bootstrap tokens, cluster-info ConfigMap, RBAC Roles
[bootstrap-token] Configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to get nodes
[bootstrap-token] Configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to post CSRs in order for nodes to get long term certificate credentials
[bootstrap-token] Configured RBAC rules to allow the csrapprover controller automatically approve CSRs from a Node Bootstrap Token
[bootstrap-token] Configured RBAC rules to allow certificate rotation for all node client certificates in the cluster
[bootstrap-token] Creating the "cluster-info" ConfigMap in the "kube-public" namespace
[kubelet-finalize] Updating "/etc/kubernetes/kubelet.conf" to point to a rotatable kubelet client certificate and key
[addons] Applied essential addon: CoreDNS
[addons] Applied essential addon: kube-proxy
Your Kubernetes control-plane has initialized successfully!
To start using your cluster, you need to run the following as a regular user:
mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config
Alternatively, if you are the root user, you can run:
export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster.
Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the options listed at:
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/
Then you can join any number of worker nodes by running the following on each as root:
kubeadm join 16.32.15.200:6443 --token abcdef.0123456789abcdef \
--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:02dc7cc7702f9814d01f9a4d5957da3053e74adcc2f583415e516a4b81fb37bc
4、配置kubectl的配置文件config，相当于对kubectl进行授权，这样kubectl命令可以使用这个证书对k8s集群进行管理
mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config
验证使用可以使用 kubectl 命令
kubectl get nodes
5、查看镜像，咱们使用containerd拉取的镜像，使用docker images命令是查看不到镜像的。需要使用ctr命令，如下：
ctr -n k8s.io images list
crictl images
在两台node节点进行操
1、赋值初始化输出的token信息，在两台node节点执行
kubeadm join 16.32.15.200:6443 --token abcdef.0123456789abcdef \
--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:6839bcc102c7ab089554871dd1a8f3d4261e1482ff13eafdf32fc092ebaf9f7e
如果忘记可以使用以下命令创建并查看token：
kubeadm token create --print-join-command
成功加入到集群如下图：
![[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-WcReqrzj-1682478646677)(D:\MD归档文档\IMG\image-20230425151533713.png)]](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/9bfc069cdf89469d8b244f37f7077826.png)
2、给两台node节点打上标签
master-1主机上执行
kubectl label nodes node-1 node-role.kubernetes.io/work=work
kubectl label nodes node-2 node-role.kubernetes.io/work=work
1、上传calico.yaml文件到服务器中，下面提供calico.yaml文件内容：
在master主机执行
kubectl apply -f calico.yaml
2、查看集群状态 && 查看自带Pod状态
kubectl get nodes
![[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-wScfqriS-1682478646680)(D:\MD归档文档\IMG\image-20230426104418539.png)]](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/ce88318570814640af7e9b8eea85bba6.png)
3、查看组件状态 是否为 Running状态 如下图：
kubectl get pods -n kube-system
![[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-ugY0UxIX-1682478646681)(D:\MD归档文档\IMG\image-20230426104559318.png)]](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/b334dea265ef461c8a9c3a3a154ac2dc.png)
1、下载busybox:1.28镜像
ctr -n k8s.io images pull docker.io/library/busybox:1.28
2、测试coredns
kubectl run busybox --image busybox:1.28 --restart=Never --rm -it busybox -- sh
If you don't see a command prompt, try pressing enter.
/ # nslookup kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local
Server: 10.96.0.10
Address 1: 10.96.0.10 kube-dns.kube-system.svc.cluster.local
Name: kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local
Address 1: 10.96.0.1 kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local
ctr和crictl都是用于管理容器运行时的命令行工具，但它们的具体区别如下：
ctr是由Docker开发的，而crictl是由Kubernetes开发的。
ctr支持多种容器运行时，包括Docker、containerd、CRI-O等，而crictl只支持CRI（Container Runtime Interface）兼容的容器运行时，如CRI-O、containerd等。
ctr提供了更多的功能，如镜像管理、网络管理、卷管理等，而crictl只提供了基本的容器管理功能，如容器创建、删除、启动、停止等。
ctr的命令更加直观和易用，而crictl的命令更加符合Kubernetes的设计理念和规范。
综上所述，ctr和crictl都是优秀的容器管理工具，选择哪一个取决于具体的使用场景和需求。
可能会有一些情况，一台服务器上面有多个网卡，但是只有其中一个网卡可以通外网，这种情况下需要添加一些配置，来指定网卡，如下命令是指定ens33网卡，当然也可以使用正则表达式来表示。
- name: IP_AUTODETECTION_METHOD
value: "interface=ens33"
重新执行生效：
kubectl apply -f calico.yaml