区块链运作机制
This article was originally published on Blockchain Review. Thank you for supporting the partners who make SitePoint possible.
本文最初发表在《 区块链评论》上 。 感谢您支持使SitePoint成为可能的合作伙伴。
The top five things that you need to know.
您需要了解的前五件事。
The talk about Blockchain technology seems ubiquitous. But what exactly is a blockchain? More specifically, what are the blockchain essentials that you should really know?
关于区块链技术的讨论似乎无处不在。 但是区块链到底是什么？ 更具体地说，您应该真正了解什么是区块链要素？
Let’s dive in to find out more about it, and separate the hype from the reality.
让我们深入了解它，并将炒作与现实分开。
1.什么是区块链？ (1. What is a Blockchain?)
A blockchain is a tamper-proof distributed public ledger that manages transactions.
区块链是管理交易的防篡改分布式公共分类帐。
Think of it like a magical Google spreadsheet in the cloud, or more specifically on a network.
可以将其视为云中或更特别是网络上的神奇的Google电子表格。
Put simply, a blockchain is basically an incorruptible distributed ledger of data, which can be used to store informational assets ranging from managing cryptographic contracts to transferring value.
简而言之，区块链本质上是不间断的分布式数据分类帐，可用于存储信息资产，从管理密码合同到转移价值。
The most recognized application on a blockchain is Bitcoin. This allows the transfer of value from one person to another with no central intermediary, and without allowing a person or party to spend their Bitcoin twice – the double spend rule.
区块链上最受认可的应用是比特币。 这允许在没有中央中介的情况下将价值从一个人转移到另一个人，并且不允许一个人或一方花费其比特币两次(双重消费规则)。
What does this mean?
这是什么意思？
It means that “value” can have a change of title and ownership from one person or party to another, without the need of a trusted third party to validate and govern the trade.
这意味着“价值”可以从一个人或一方到另一人或另一方改变所有权和所有权，而无需受信任的第三方来验证和管理交易。
How is that, you might ask?
您可能会问，这是怎么回事？
Well, the governance is in the protocol.
好吧，治理就在协议中。
Besidse being a ledger for “data of value,” or cryptocurrencies, blockchain technology is finding broader usage in peer-to-peer lending, (smart) contract management, healthcare data, stock transfers, and even elections.
由于Besidse是“价值数据”或加密货币的分类帐，因此区块链技术正在P2P借贷，(智能)合同管理，医疗保健数据，股票转让甚至选举中得到更广泛的应用。
Like any emerging and disruptive technology, no one can predict the future of Blockchain technology. But one thing’s for sure — it isn’t (just) for purchasing black market goods and services!
像任何新兴和破坏性技术一样，没有人能预测区块链技术的未来。 但是可以肯定的是，这不是(仅仅)购买黑市商品和服务！
As a matter of fact, blockchain technology is finding its way into big firms such as IBM, Microsoft, and major banks.
事实上，区块链技术正在进入IBM，Microsoft和大型银行等大公司。
Interest in the technology is driven by fear of disruption – the fact that it excludes trusted third parties (banks and clearinghouses) during the transfer of value, which in turn results in fast, private and less expensive financial transactions.
对技术的兴趣是由对破坏的恐惧所驱使的-在价值转移过程中，它排除了受信任的第三方(银行和票据交换所)，这反过来又导致了快速，私人和较便宜的金融交易。
Blockchain can facilitate the peer-to-peer transfer of anything that’s of value.
区块链可以促进点对点转移任何有价值的东西。
This may include assets, properties, and contracts. The most crucial and far-reaching blockchain application is applied in Bitcoin, with transfer of value, and Ethereum, with its enhancement of smart contracts.
这可能包括资产，财产和合同。 最关键和影响深远的区块链应用程序用于价值转移的比特币和以智能合约增强的以太坊。
Let’s jump in and learn the historical background of these blockchain essentials.
让我们进入并学习这些区块链要素的历史背景。
2.比特币 (2. Bitcoin)
The Bitcoin currency, as many have come to know it, has been with us since 2008 when Satoshi Nakamoto — a person, or group of people — published a whitepaper about peer-to-peer electronic currency.
自从2008年中本聪(一个人或一群人)发表有关点对点电子货币的白皮书以来，就已经有很多人知道这种比特币。
The major innovation that Bitcoin unveiled was direct and secure transfer of money or "value" directly to any party on the network.
比特币推出的主要创新是直接安全地将钱或“价值”直接转移到网络上的任何一方。
The Bitcoin currency network is decentralized — there's no central authority — and the underlying blockchain technology is used to store information which is verified by a network of "miners" who validate all transactions on the network.
比特币货币网络是分散的-没有中央权力机构-基础的区块链技术用于存储信息，该信息由“矿工”网络验证，该矿工验证网络上的所有交易。
How should I think of this?
我应该怎么看？
Bitcoin is simply a virtual currency system which resembles the real world cash system.
比特币只是一个类似于现实世界现金系统的虚拟货币系统。
Since it's launch in 2008, through the boom and bust of the hype cycle, Bitcoin has continued to grow at an exponential rate, and the fringe curiosity that consumed a group of highly capable tech nerds has ushered in some new upgrades that have brought blockchain closer to the mainstream.
自2008年推出以来，通过炒作周期的繁荣和萧条，比特币一直以指数级的速度增长，并且消耗了一批精通技术的书呆子的边缘好奇心带来了一些新的升级，使区块链更加接近到主流。
3.以太坊—区块链2.0 (3. Ethereum — Blockchain 2.0)
Ethereum is a blockchain system based on the concepts of Bitcoin.
以太坊是一个基于比特币概念的区块链系统。
It is considered a second generation blockchain technology that was designed to let any person, with a basic level of computer skills, to develop and deploy their own decentralized applications on the blockchain.
它被认为是第二代区块链技术，旨在让具有基本计算机技能的任何人都可以在区块链上开发和部署自己的去中心化应用程序。
Just like Bitcoin, Ethereum is decentralized — no one regulates or owns it — and it has it's own cryptocurrency or "fuel" called "Ether" which acts in the same way bitcoin does. However, Ethereum has a few innovations worth noting. The first being a second application on its blockchain infrastructure called a "smart contract", it's own virtual machine which powers the memory and applications on the network called the "Ethereum Virtual Machine", and its own programming language called "Solidity".
就像比特币一样， 以太坊是去中心化的-没有人监管或拥有它-并且它拥有自己的加密货币或称为“以太”的“燃料”，其作用与比特币相同。 但是，以太坊有一些创新值得注意。 第一个是其区块链基础架构上的第二个应用程序，称为“智能合约”，它是自己的虚拟机，为网络上的内存和应用程序提供动力，称为“以太坊虚拟机”，其自身的编程语言为“ Solidity”。
Ethereum is kinda like Bitcoin on steroids, but made to be more accessible.
以太坊有点像类固醇上的比特币，但使其更易于访问。
It was developed by Vitalik Buterin, a 19 year old Russian Canadian in 2013 as a next generation blockchain technology, with capabilities to be able to program and perform arbitrary and complex computations.
它是由19岁的加拿大裔加拿大人Vitalik Buterin在2013年开发的，它是下一代区块链技术，具有能够编程和执行任意复杂的计算的功能。
Rather than just providing users with a set of predefined operations — like Bitcoin transactions — Ethereum lets users develop their own operations with the complexity they wish.
以太坊不仅向用户提供了一系列预定义的操作(如比特币交易)，还使用户能够以自己希望的复杂性开发自己的操作。
4.智能合约 (4. Smart Contracts)
What is a "smart" contract?
什么是“智能”合同？
Well, they actually aren’t that “smart.”
好吧，他们实际上并不是那么“聪明”。
Think of them like self executing dumb software robots that live and do business on a decentralized network.
可以将它们视为在分散式网络中生活和开展业务的自我执行的愚蠢软件机器人。
Smart contracts are autonomous computer systems, written in code, that manage executions between individuals on the blockchain.
智能合约是用代码编写的自治计算机系统，用于管理区块链上个人之间的执行。
The code resides at specified addresses on the Ethereum blockchain. These contracts are powered by our friend, the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), and by Ether. It's the little engine that could, that keeps all the smart contracts running on time and coordinates them with the rest of the network.
该代码位于以太坊区块链上的指定地址。 这些合同由我们的朋友以太坊虚拟机(EVM)和以太币提供动力。 这是可以使所有智能合约按时运行并与网络其余部分进行协调的微型引擎。
In order to create an added layer of customization and security, Ethereum created some high-level languages that are used to create smart contracts for the EVM. These are Solidity, Serpent, and LLL.
为了创建更多的自定义和安全层，以太坊创建了一些高级语言，用于为EVM创建智能合约。 它们是Solidity，Serpent和LLL。
These are the major innovation that Ethereum has brought to blockchains, and it allows for many amazing types of autonomous program.
这些是以太坊带给区块链的重大创新，它允许许多惊人的自治程序类型。
Next, let's explore the consensus mechanisms in blockchain.
接下来，让我们探索区块链中的共识机制。
5.共识机制 (5. Consensus Mechanisms)
When you interact with multiple parties, you need some sort of consensus mechanism to ensure everyone has got the right records. – Dan O'Prey, co-founder of Hyperledger
与多方互动时，您需要某种共识机制来确保每个人都有正确的记录。 – Hyperledger联合创始人Dan O'Prey
Both Bitcoin and Ethereum use a decentralized system to confirm the transactions without relying on a trusted third party.
比特币和以太坊都使用分散式系统来确认交易，而无需依赖可信赖的第三方。
Therefore, consensus, or coming to a uniform agreement, helps a network of autonomous programs and computers come to an agreed state of the blockchain without conflict.
因此，达成共识或达成统一协议，有助于自治程序和计算机网络达到区块链的商定状态而不会发生冲突。
As a matter of fact, this consensus is the backbone of the blockchain and any other decentralized and distributed technology.
事实上，这种共识是区块链和任何其他分散和分布式技术的骨干。
The proof of work, proof of stake and closed consensus are the most common mechanisms used in blockchain technologies.
工作证明，股权证明和达成共识是区块链技术中最常用的机制。
A.工作证明 (A. Proof of Work)
The most common consensus mechanism that's used for blockchain technology is what's called "proof of work". It is the system used in Bitcoin.
用于区块链技术的最普遍的共识机制是所谓的“工作量证明”。 它是比特币中使用的系统。
When a transaction is initiated, the information is stored in a candidate block, which is filled with the transaction's information. A cryptographic beacon is sent out to the mining network that the candidate block has been created, and the miners get to work on solving a cryptographic puzzle that has a prize for whomever solves it, in the form of newly minted coins/currency.
启动交易时，该信息将存储在候选块中，并在其中填充交易信息。 加密信标被发送到挖矿网络，表明已创建了候选区块，矿工开始研究以新铸造的硬币/货币的形式解决有奖赏的加密难题。
Miners have what some would think of as supercomputers that are much more powerful than the average person's MacBook Pro. These machines have a "hashrate" or computing power that gives them an advantage when competing to solve consensus problems for reward.
矿工将某些人视为超级计算机，它们比普通人的MacBook Pro强大得多。 这些机器具有“哈希值”或计算能力，在竞争解决共识性问题以获得奖励时会为其提供优势。
I know what all you climate control advocates are saying: Doesn't that demand a lot of electricity and processing power?
我知道您的气候控制倡导者在说什么：这不要求大量的电力和处理能力吗？
The short answer is yes, the cost of mining is based primarily, on hardware, electricity costs, and to some degree temperature.
简短的答案是肯定的，采矿成本主要基于硬件，电力成本以及某种程度上的温度。
The problem with the Proof of Work consensus is that it requires the miner to use their supercomputer to try out millions of computations per second, in competition with other supercomputers around the world, to determine if the blockchain can be updated or not.
工作量证明共识的问题在于，它要求矿工与世界各地的其他超级计算机竞争，每秒使用其超级计算机尝试数百万次计算，以确定是否可以更新区块链。
B.股权证明 (B. Proof of Stake)
The main objective of this mechanism is to allow stakeholders, the people with the most invested, or owned, in the Blockchain ecosystem to have the strongest incentives to lead in the provision of consensus solutions for a blockchain transaction.
该机制的主要目标是让利益相关者，在区块链生态系统中投入最多或拥有最多的人有最强烈的动机来引导为区块链交易提供共识解决方案。
In simple terms:
简单来说：
Proof of Stake consensus allows miners that have more "money", cryptocurrency, or "skin in the game" to have a greater opportunity to mine blocks and make decisions for the network.
利益证明共识可以使拥有更多“金钱”，加密货币或“游戏中的皮肤”的矿工拥有更大的机会来挖掘区块并为网络做出决策。
The process starts with the miner consuming his/her cryptocurrency — commonly referred to as the kernel — which provides privileges for updating the blockchain, which is similar to Proof of Work.
该过程始于矿工消耗其加密货币(通常称为内核)，它提供了更新区块链的特权，类似于工作量证明。
However, the hashing computation in Proof of Stake is done using a limited search space, where stakeholders with the greatest stakes have the ability to mine a commensurate allocation of the network, and are effectively stewards of the Blockchain system.
但是，权益证明中的哈希计算是在有限的搜索空间中完成的，其中利益攸关方的利益最大者有能力挖掘相应的网络分配，并且是区块链系统的有效管家。
Think of it like : the more a miner has, the more they can get, and the more they can decide.
可以这样想 ：矿工越多，他们得到的越多，他们就可以做出更多的决定。
The one benefit of this controversial crypto-economic system is that by allowing stakeholders with incentives to take charge of consensus, the mechanism reduces the computing power required for consensus.
这一有争议的加密经济系统的一个好处是，通过允许有激励作用的利益相关者负责共识，该机制降低了达成共识所需的计算能力。
This should make the climate control kids happy, but…
这应该使气候控制孩子们开心，但是…
The main problem of this mechanism is that it disadvantages other miners in the network since only the "richest" stakeholders are permitted to have control of consensus in the blockchain.
这种机制的主要问题是，由于仅允许“最富有”的利益相关者控制区块链中的共识，因此它不利于网络中的其他矿工。
C.封闭共识 (C. Closed Consensus)
In a Closed consensus mechanism, certain nodes are required to put up a security deposit in order to participate in updating the blockchain.
在封闭共识机制中，某些节点需要存入保证金才能参与更新区块链。
This consensus mechanism doesn't require mining, and is growing in popularity in some banking and insurance segments.
这种共识机制不需要挖掘，并且在某些银行和保险领域越来越受欢迎。
The management of the consensus is done using security deposits which incentivize the validators. The "arbitrators" — conflict management nodes — are the enforcers on the blockchain, and they adjudicate when something is not right or if a miner is not acting fairly.
共识的管理使用保证金来激励验证者。 “仲裁者”(冲突管理节点)是区块链上的执行者，当事情不正确或矿工行为不当时，他们会做出裁决。
The main objective of using an arbitrator's protocol is to enforce consensus among the autonomous nodes in the blockchain.
使用仲裁员协议的主要目的是在区块链中的自治节点之间加强共识。
If a validator authenticates a transaction which the arbitrators have considered illegitimate, then the validator loses their security deposit, and they also forfeit their privileges of providing consensus in the blockchain network in the future.
如果验证者验证了仲裁员认为非法的交易，那么验证者将失去其保证金，并且他们也丧失了将来在区块链网络中达成共识的特权。
结论 (Conclusion)
Now that you understand the basic essentials of blockchain technology, you should be able to answer very easily:
既然您了解了区块链技术的基本要点，那么您应该能够非常轻松地回答：
- What is a blockchain? 什么是区块链？
- How does bitcoin work? 比特币如何运作？
- What are the major innovations that the Ethereum blockchain brought to the technology? 以太坊区块链技术带来了哪些重大创新？
- What is a smart contract? 什么是智能合约？
- What are the different types of consensus mechanism that power a blockchain? 支持区块链的共识机制有哪些不同类型？
Hopefully this inspires further exploration and your own personal discovery, and exploration of how you might be able to join in the conversation and experiment.
希望这能激发更多的探索和您自己的个人发现，并探索您如何能够加入对话和实验。
If you want more information, and you missed the first post in this series, check out this easy to understand post here: How Does the Blockchain Work?
如果您想了解更多信息，而又错过了本系列的第一篇文章，请在此处查看以下易于理解的文章： 区块链如何工作？
Or, if you are ready to move forward, you can read the rest of the series:
或者，如果您准备前进，可以阅读本系列的其余部分：
The main take away that you should get from these articles is that understanding the blockchain is not that hard, and when you do, you have the ability to affect your team, startup, and industry in ways that you might not thought possible in the past.
从这些文章中可以得出的主要结论是，了解区块链并不难，而且当您这样做时，您就有能力以过去可能无法想象的方式影响您的团队，创业公司和行业。 。
I’m always interested in meeting blockchain founders, academic researchers, and technologists who are working on challenging projects, so please feel free to contact me on LinkedIn, or by email at collin@intrepid.ventures.
我一直很想与正在从事具有挑战性的项目的区块链创始人，学术研究人员和技术专家会面，因此请随时通过LinkedIn或通过电子邮件collin@intrepid.ventures与我联系。
-
Looking for a new cryptocurrency? Check out the introduction to Metabase.
寻找新的加密货币？ 查看Metabase的介绍。
-
Want to launch your own ICO? Apply now at Token Deck.
想启动自己的ICO吗？ 现在在Token Deck申请。
翻译自: https://www.sitepoint.com/how-does-the-blockchain-work-pt-2/
区块链运作机制
