怎样扒网页呢？其实就是根据URL来获取它的网页信息，虽然我们在浏览器中看到的是一幅幅优美的画面，但是其实是由浏览器解释才呈现出来的，实质它是一段HTML代码，加 JS、CSS，如果把网页比作一个人，那么HTML便是他的骨架，JS便是他的肌肉，CSS便是它的衣服。所以最重要的部分是存在于HTML中的，下面我们就写个例子来扒一个网页下来。
1 import urllib2 2 3 request = urllib2.Request("http://www.baidu.com") 4 reponse = urllib2.urlopen(request) 5 6 print reponse.read()
1 var _chrome_37_fix = document.createElement("style"); 2 _chrome_37_fix.type="text/css"; 3 _chrome_37_fix.setAttribute("data-for","result"); 4 _chrome_37_fix.innerHTML = ".t,.f16,#kw,.s_ipt,.c-title,.c-title-size,.to_zhidao,.to_tieba,.to_zhidao_bottom{font-size:15px;} .ec-hospital-info-main h2,.ad-widget-gx_sck-ylzx-doctor-info h2,.ec-card-main h2,.ad-widget-h1 h2,.ad-widget-title h2,.ad-widget-small-head h2,.ad-widget-small-head h2 a,.ad-widget-header .ec-figcaption h2{font-size: 15px !important;}"; 5 document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(_chrome_37_fix); 6 } 7 </script> 8 <div id="wrapper" style="display:none;"> 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 <script>if(window.bds&&bds.util&&bds.util.setContainerWidth){bds.util.setContainerWidth();}</script><div id="head"><div class="head_wrapper"><div class="s_form"><div class="s_form_wrapper"><div id="lg"><img hidefocus="true" src="//www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png" width="270" height="129"></div><a href="/" id="result_logo" οnmοusedοwn="return c({'fm':'tab','tab':'logo'})"><img src="//www.baidu.com/img/baidu_jgylogo3.gif" alt="到百度首页" title="到百度首页"></a><form id="form" name="f" action="/s" class="fm"><input type="hidden" name="ie" value="utf-8"><input type="hidden" name="f" value="8"><input type="hidden" name="rsv_bp" value="1"><input type="hidden" name="rsv_idx" value="1"><input type=hidden name=ch value=""><input type=hidden name=tn value="baidu"><input type=hidden name=bar value=""><span class="bg s_ipt_wr"><input id="kw" name="wd" class="s_ipt" value="" maxlength="255" autocomplete="off"></span><span class="bg s_btn_wr"><input type="submit" id="su" value="百度一下" class="bg s_btn"></span><span class="tools"><span id="mHolder"><div id="mCon"><span>输入法</span></div><ul id="mMenu"><li><a href="javascript:;" name="ime_hw">手写</a></li><li><a href="javascript:;" name="ime_py">拼音</a></li><li class="ln"></li><li><a href="javascript:;" name="ime_cl">关闭</a></li></ul></span></span><input type="hidden" name="rn" value=""><input type="hidden" name="oq" value=""><input type="hidden" name="rsv_pq" value="a9751a040000edc2"><input type="hidden" name="rsv_t" value="1a36JwX6EYzEBPQCuW35Vnxbm3RooFs3vSI29QpW+rmQhyzyjvBQ3WAH27Y"><input type="hidden" name="rqlang" value="cn"></form><div id="m"></div></div></div><div id="u"><a class="toindex" href="/">百度首页</a><a href="javascript:;" name="tj_settingicon" class="pf">设置<i class="c-icon c-icon-triangle-down"></i></a><a href="https://passport.baidu.com/v2/?login&tpl=mn&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com%2F" name="tj_login" class="lb" οnclick="return false;">登录</a></div><div id="u1"><a href="http://www.nuomi.com/?cid=002540" name="tj_trnuomi" class="mnav">糯米</a><a href="http://news.baidu.com" name="tj_trnews" class="mnav">新闻</a><a href="http://www.hao123.com" name="tj_trhao123" class="mnav">hao123</a><a href="http://map.baidu.com" name="tj_trmap" class="mnav">地图</a><a href="http://v.baidu.com" name="tj_trvideo" class="mnav">视频</a><a href="http://tieba.baidu.com" name="tj_trtieba" class="mnav">贴吧</a><a href="https://passport.baidu.com/v2/?login&tpl=mn&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com%2F" name="tj_login" class="lb" οnclick="return false;">登录</a><a href="http://www.baidu.com/gaoji/preferences.html" name="tj_settingicon" class="pf">设置</a><a href="http://www.baidu.com/more/" name="tj_briicon" class="bri" style="display: block;">更多产品</a></div></div></div> 16 17 18 19 <div class="s_tab" id="s_tab"> 20 <b>网页</b><a href="http://news.baidu.com/ns?cl=2&rn=20&tn=news&word=" wdfield="word" οnmοusedοwn="return c({'fm':'tab','tab':'news'})">新闻</a><a href="http://tieba.baidu.com/f?kw=&fr=wwwt" wdfield="kw" οnmοusedοwn="return c({'fm':'tab','tab':'tieba'})">贴吧</a><a href="http://zhidao.baidu.com/q?ct=17&pn=0&tn=ikaslist&rn=10&word=&fr=wwwt" wdfield="word" οnmοusedοwn="return c({'fm':'tab','tab':'zhidao'})">知道</a><a href="http://music.baidu.com/search?fr=ps&ie=utf-8&key=" wdfield="key" οnmοusedοwn="return c({'fm':'tab','tab':'music'})">音乐</a><a href="http://image.baidu.com/search/index?tn=baiduimage&ps=1&ct=201326592&lm=-1&cl=2&nc=1&ie=utf-8&word=" wdfield="word" οnmοusedοwn="return c({'fm':'tab','tab':'pic'})">图片</a><a href="http://v.baidu.com/v?ct=301989888&rn=20&pn=0&db=0&s=25&ie=utf-8&word=" wdfield="word" οnmοusedοwn="return c({'fm':'tab','tab':'video'})">视频</a><a href="http://map.baidu.com/m?word=&fr=ps01000" wdfield="word" οnmοusedοwn="return c({'fm':'tab','tab':'map'})">地图</a><a href="http://wenku.baidu.com/search?word=&lm=0&od=0&ie=utf-8" wdfield="word" οnmοusedοwn="return c({'fm':'tab','tab':'wenku'})">文库</a><a href="//www.baidu.com/more/" οnmοusedοwn="return c({'fm':'tab','tab':'more'})">更多»</a> 21 </div> 22 23 24 25 <div class="qrcodeCon"> 26 <div id="qrcode"> 27 <div class="qrcode-item qrcode-item-1"> 28 <div class="qrcode-img"></div> 29 <div class="qrcode-text"> 30 <p><b>手机百度</b></p> 31 </div> 32 </div> 33 </div> 34 </div> 35 <div id="ftCon"> 36 37 <div class="ftCon-Wrapper"><div id="ftConw"><p id="lh"><a id="setf" href="//www.baidu.com/cache/sethelp/help.html" οnmοusedοwn="return ns_c({'fm':'behs','tab':'favorites','pos':0})" target="_blank">把百度设为主页</a><a οnmοusedοwn="return ns_c({'fm':'behs','tab':'tj_about'})" href="http://home.baidu.com">关于百度</a><a οnmοusedοwn="return ns_c({'fm':'behs','tab':'tj_about_en'})" href="http://ir.baidu.com">About Baidu</a><a οnmοusedοwn="return ns_c({'fm':'behs','tab':'tj_tuiguang'})" href="http://e.baidu.com/?refer=888">百度推广</a></p><p id="cp">©2017 Baidu <a href="http://www.baidu.com/duty/" οnmοusedοwn="return ns_c({'fm':'behs','tab':'tj_duty'})">使用百度前必读</a> <a href="http://jianyi.baidu.com/" class="cp-feedback" οnmοusedοwn="return ns_c({'fm':'behs','tab':'tj_homefb'})">意见反馈</a> 京ICP证030173号 <i class="c-icon-icrlogo"></i> <a id="jgwab" target="_blank" href="http://www.beian.gov.cn/portal/registerSystemInfo?recordcode=11000002000001">京公网安备11000002000001号</a> <i class="c-icon-jgwablogo"></i></p></div></div></div> 38 <div id="wrapper_wrapper"> 39 </div> 40 </div> 41 <div class="c-tips-container" id="c-tips-container"></div> 42 43 <script> 44 window.__async_strategy=2; 45 //window.__switch_add_mask=false; 46 </script> 47 48 49 <script> 50 var bds={ 51 se:{}, 52 su:{ 53 urdata:[], 54 urSendClick:function(){} 55 }, 56 util:{}, 57 use:{}, 58 comm : { 59 domain:"http://www.baidu.com", 60 ubsurl : "http://sclick.baidu.com/w.gif", 61 tn:"baidu", 62 queryEnc:"", 63 queryId:"", 64 inter:"", 65 templateName:"", 66 sugHost : "http://suggestion.baidu.com/su", 67 query : "", 68 qid : "a9751a040000edc2", 69 cid : "0", 70 sid : "1459_21112_17001_20929", 71 indexSid : "1459_21112_17001_20929", 72 stoken : "", 73 serverTime : "1490939676", 74 user : "", 75 username : "", 76 userid : "0", 77 loginAction : [], 78 useFavo : "", 79 pinyin : "", 80 favoOn : "", 81 cookie : {"BAIDUID":"30EC6C2D9EBB46E5FB786326350BD39E:FG=1","BIDUPSID":"E95F42E62F7AC75675AA34F1D402E7AC","PSTM":"1474271387","H_PS_PSSID":"1459_21112_17001_20929","_umeng":"1","BDSVRTM":"0","BD_HOME":"0"}, 82 userAgent : "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; zh-CN) AppleWebKit/533.19.4 (KHTML, like Gecko) AdobeAIR/24.0", 83 curResultNum:"0", 84 rightResultExist:false, 85 protectNum:0, 86 zxlNum:0, 87 pageNum:1, 88 pageSize:10, 89 newindex:0, 90 async:2, 91 maxPreloadThread:5, 92 maxPreloadTimes:10, 93 preloadMouseMoveDistance:5, 94 switchAddMask:false, 95 isDebug:false, 96 ishome : 1, 97 flagTranslateResult:0, 98 globalLogFlag:0 99 ,encTn:'1a36JwX6EYzEBPQCuW35Vnxbm3RooFs3vSI29QpW+rmQhyzyjvBQ3WAH27Y' } 100 }; 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 //防止从结果页打开的页面中通过opener.xxx来影响百度页面 108 109 110 var name,navigate,al_arr=[]; 111 var selfOpen = window.open;eval("var open = selfOpen;"); 112 var isIE=navigator.userAgent.indexOf("MSIE")!=-1&&!window.opera; 113 var E = bds.ecom= {}; 114 115 bds.se.mon = {'loadedItems':[],'load':function(){},'srvt':-1}; 116 117 try { 118 bds.se.mon.srvt = parseInt(document.cookie.match(new RegExp("(^| )BDSVRTM=([^;]*)(;|$)"))[2]); 119 document.cookie="BDSVRTM=;expires=Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 GMT"; 120 }catch(e){} 121 122 //兼容之前一些变量 123 var 124 bdUser = bds.comm.user?bds.comm.user:null, 125 bdQuery = bds.comm.query, 126 bdUseFavo = bds.comm.useFavo, 127 bdFavoOn = bds.comm.favoOn, 128 bdCid = bds.comm.cid, 129 bdSid = bds.comm.sid, 130 bdServerTime = bds.comm.serverTime, 131 bdQid = bds.comm.queryId, 132 bdstoken = bds.comm.stoken, 133 login_success = []; 134 135 136 137 </script> 138 <script> 139 /* https域名转换工具 */ 140 bds.util.domain = (function(){ 141 var list = { 142 "graph.baidu.com": "http://graph.baidu.com", 143 "p.qiao.baidu.com":"http://p.qiao.baidu.com", 144 "vse.baidu.com":"http://vse.baidu.com", 145 "hdpreload.baidu.com":"http://hdpreload.baidu.com", 146 "lcr.open.baidu.com":"http://lcr.open.baidu.com", 147 "kankan.baidu.com":"http://kankan.baidu.com", 148 "xapp.baidu.com":"http://xapp.baidu.com", 149 "dr.dh.baidu.com":"http://dr.dh.baidu.com", 150 "xiaodu.baidu.com":"http://xiaodu.baidu.com", 151 "sensearch.baidu.com":"http://sensearch.baidu.com", 152 "s1.bdstatic.com":"http://s1.bdstatic.com", 153 "olime.baidu.com":"http://olime.baidu.com", 154 "app.baidu.com":"http://app.baidu.com", 155 "i.baidu.com":"http://i.baidu.com", 156 "c.baidu.com":"http://c.baidu.com", 157 "sclick.baidu.com":"http://sclick.baidu.com", 158 "nsclick.baidu.com":"http://nsclick.baidu.com", 159 "sestat.baidu.com":"http://sestat.baidu.com", 160 "eclick.baidu.com":"http://eclick.baidu.com", 161 "api.map.baidu.com":"http://api.map.baidu.com", 162 "ecma.bdimg.com":"http://ecma.bdimg.com", 163 "ecmb.bdimg.com":"http://ecmb.bdimg.com", 164 "t1.baidu.com":"http://t1.baidu.com", 165 "t2.baidu.com":"http://t2.baidu.com", 166 "t3.baidu.com":"http://t3.baidu.com", 167 "t10.baidu.com":"http://t10.baidu.com", 168 "t11.baidu.com":"http://t11.baidu.com", 169 "t12.baidu.com":"http://t12.baidu.com", 170 "i7.baidu.com":"http://i7.baidu.com", 171 "i8.baidu.com":"http://i8.baidu.com", 172 "i9.baidu.com":"http://i9.baidu.com", 173 "b1.bdstatic.com":"http://b1.bdstatic.com", 174 "ss.bdimg.com":"http://ss.bdimg.com", 175 "opendata.baidu.com":"http://opendata.baidu.com", 176 "api.open.baidu.com":"http://api.open.baidu.com", 177 "tag.baidu.com":"http://tag.baidu.com", 178 "f3.baidu.com":"http://f3.baidu.com", 179 "s.share.baidu.com":"http://s.share.baidu.com", 180 "bdimg.share.baidu.com":"http://bdimg.share.baidu.com", 181 "1.su.bdimg.com":"http://1.su.bdimg.com", 182 "2.su.bdimg.com":"http://2.su.bdimg.com", 183 "3.su.bdimg.com":"http://3.su.bdimg.com", 184 "4.su.bdimg.com":"http://4.su.bdimg.com", 185 "5.su.bdimg.com":"http://5.su.bdimg.com", 186 "6.su.bdimg.com":"http://6.su.bdimg.com", 187 "7.su.bdimg.com":"http://7.su.bdimg.com", 188 "8.su.bdimg.com":"http://8.su.bdimg.com" 189 }; 190 191 192 var get = function(url) { 193 if(location.protocol === "http") { 194 return url; 195 } 196 var reg = /^(http[s]?:\/\/)?([^\/]+)(.*)/, 197 matches = url.match(reg); 198 /* 判断传入参数是域名还是地址，分别做处理 */ 199 url = list.hasOwnProperty(matches[2])&&(list[matches[2]] + matches[3]) || url; 200 return url; 201 }, 202 set = function(kdomain,vdomain) { 203 list[kdomain] = vdomain; 204 }; 205 return { 206 get : get, 207 set : set 208 } 209 })(); 210 </script> 211 <script> 212 //让用户更快看到首页 213 if(!location.hash.match(/[^a-zA-Z0-9]wd=/)){ 214 document.getElementById("wrapper").style.display='block'; 215 setTimeout(function(){ 216 try{ 217 var kw=document.getElementById("kw"); 218 kw.focus(); 219 kw.parentNode.className="bg s_ipt_wr iptfocus quickdelete-wrap"; 220 }catch(e){} 221 },0); 222 } 223 224 </script> 225 <script type="text/javascript" src="http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/jquery/jquery-1.10.2.min_65682a2.js"></script> 226 227 228 229 230 <script> 231 (function(){ 232 233 var 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那么我们来分析这两行代码，第一行
1 request = urllib2.Request("http://www.baidu.com")
首先调用的是urllib2库里面的urlopen方法，传入一个URL，这个网址是百度首页，协议是HTTP协议，当然你也可以把HTTP换做FTP,FILE,HTTPS 等等，只是代表了一种访问控制协议，urlopen一般接受三个参数，它的参数如下：
1 urlopen(url, data, timeout)
第一个参数url即为URL，第二个参数data是访问URL时要传送的数据，第三个timeout是设置超时时间。
第二三个参数是可以不传送的，data默认为空None，timeout默认为 socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
第一个参数URL是必须要传送的，在这个例子里面我们传送了百度的URL，执行urlopen方法之后，返回一个response对象，返回信息便保存在这里面。
1 print response.read()
response对象有一个read方法，可以返回获取到的网页内容。
如果不加read直接打印会是什么？答案如下：
1 <addinfourl at 139728495260376 whose fp = <socket._fileobject object at 0x7f1513fb3ad0>>
直接打印出了该对象的描述，所以记得一定要加read方法
其实上面的urlopen参数可以传入一个request请求,其实就是一个Request类的实例，构造时需要传入Url,Data等等的内容。比如上面的两行代码，可以这么改写
1 import urllib2 2 3 request = urllib2.Request("http://www.baidu.com") 4 response = urllib2.urlopen(request) 5 print response.read()
运行结果是完全一样的，只不过中间多了一个request对象，推荐大家这么写，因为在构建请求时还需要加入好多内容，通过构建一个request，服务器响应请求得到应答，这样显得逻辑上清晰明确。
上面的程序演示了最基本的网页抓取，不过，现在大多数网站都是动态网页，需要你动态地传递参数给它，它做出对应的响应。所以，在访问时，我们需要传递数据给它。最常见的情况是什么？对了，就是登录注册的时候呀。
把数据用户名和密码传送到一个URL，然后你得到服务器处理之后的响应，这个该怎么办？下面揭晓吧！
数据传送分为POST和GET两种方式，两种方式有什么区别呢？
最重要的区别是GET方式是直接以链接形式访问，链接中包含了所有的参数，当然如果包含了密码的话是一种不安全的选择，不过你可以直观地看到自己提交了什么内容。POST则不会在网址上显示所有的参数，不过如果你想直接查看提交了什么就不太方便了，大家可以酌情选择。
上面我们说了data参数是干嘛的？对了，它就是用在这里的，我们传送的数据就是这个参数data，下面演示一下POST方式。
1 import urllib 2 import urllib2 3 4 values = {"username":"1016903103@qq.com","password":"XXXX"} 5 data = urllib.urlencode(values) 6 url = "https://passport.csdn.net/account/login?from=http://my.csdn.net/my/mycsdn" 7 request = urllib2.Request(url,data) 8 response = urllib2.urlopen(request) 9 print response.read()
引入了urllib库，模拟登陆CSDN，当然上述代码可能登陆不进去，因为CSDN还有个流水号的字段，没有设置全，比较复杂在这里就不写上去了，在此只是说明登录的原理。一般的登录网站一般是这种写法。
我们需要定义一个字典，名字为values，参数我设置了username和password，下面利用urllib的urlencode方法将字典编码，命名为data，构建request时传入两个参数，url和data，运行程序，返回的便是POST后呈现的页面内容。
注意上面字典的定义方式还有一种，下面的写法是等价的
1 import urllib 2 import urllib2 3 4 values = {} 5 values['username'] = "1016903103@qq.com" 6 values['password'] = "XXXX" 7 data = urllib.urlencode(values) 8 url = "http://passport.csdn.net/account/login?from=http://my.csdn.net/my/mycsdn" 9 request = urllib2.Request(url,data) 10 response = urllib2.urlopen(request) 11 print response.read()
以上方法便实现了POST方式的传送
至于GET方式我们可以直接把参数写到网址上面，直接构建一个带参数的URL出来即可。
1 import urllib 2 import urllib2 3 4 values={} 5 values['username'] = "1016903103@qq.com" 6 values['password']="XXXX" 7 data = urllib.urlencode(values) 8 url = "http://passport.csdn.net/account/login" 9 geturl = url + "?"+data 10 request = urllib2.Request(geturl) 11 response = urllib2.urlopen(request) 12 print response.read()
print geturl，打印输出一下url，发现其实就是原来的url加？然后加编码后的参数
1 http://passport.csdn.net/account/login?username=1016903103%40qq.com&password=XXXX
和平常GET访问方式一模一样，这样就实现了数据的GET方式传送。
转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/qianyuliang/p/6651122.html