进程间通信(IPC)的方法:命名管道

      使用管道时，一个进程的输出可成为另外一个进程的输入。
      命名管道(Named pipe或FIFO)是一种类似于管道的特殊文件，但在文件系统上有一个名称，它允许以先进先出(FIFO, first in, first out)的方式存储有限数量的数据。它的使用类似于消息传递，其中一个进程发送一条信息，其它进程接收它。数据以FIFO方式以高吞吐速度进入管道。但是，队列一次可以容纳的最大数据大小为16页(pages)或65536字节。它实际上使用了一块内核内存。
      命名管道是在文件系统中作为一个特殊的设备文件而存在。不同祖先的进程之间可以通过命名管道共享数据。当共享命名管道的进程执行完所有的I/O操作以后，命名管道将继续保存在文件系统中，以便以后使用，除非调用unlink。通过命名管道，不相关的进程也能交换数据。一旦已经用mkfifo函数创建了一个FIFO，就可用open打开它。实际上，一般的文件I/O函数(close、read、write、unlink等)都可用于FIFO。
      只要FIFO有空间，write函数就是非阻塞的，但read会阻塞当前线程。
      命名管道总结: 
      (1).同步(用于单向管道);
      (2).队列大小为16页(page),每页4096字节。只要数据消耗足够快，数据大小就没有限制；
      (3).单个管道的单向通信；
      (4).以线性方式读写；
      (5).自动内存管理。
      注：以上内容主要来自网络整理。
      如果父进程和子进程之间互相发送接收数据，需要两根管道，如以下测试代码：

#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <error.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <cctype>

typedef struct message {
    int pid;
    char ch;
} message;

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    const char *named_pipe1 = "/tmp/named_pipe1", *named_pipe2 = "/tmp/named_pipe22";
    unlink(named_pipe1); // deletes a name from the file system
    unlink(named_pipe2);

    if (mkfifo(named_pipe1, 0666) < 0 || mkfifo(named_pipe2, 0666) < 0) { // make a FIFO special file(a named pipe), if the file exists, the call will fail
        fprintf(stderr, "fail to mkfifo: %s\n", strerror(errno));
        return -1;
    }

    struct stat buffer1, buffer2;
    if (stat(named_pipe1, &buffer1) != 0 || stat(named_pipe1, &buffer2) != 0) { // retrieve information about the file pointed to by pathname
        fprintf(stderr, "fail to stat: %s\n", strerror(errno));
        return -1;
    }

    pid_t pid = fork();
    if (pid < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "fail to fork\n");
        return -1;
    }

    if (pid == 0) { // child process
        auto fd1 = open(named_pipe1, O_RDONLY); // read only
        auto fd2 = open(named_pipe2, O_WRONLY); // write only
        if (fd1 < 0 || fd2 < 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "fail to open: %d, %s\n", pid, strerror(errno));
            exit(1);
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
            message msg;
            auto ret = read(fd1, &msg, sizeof(msg));
            if (ret < 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "fail to read: %d, %d %s\n", pid, i, strerror(errno));
                exit(1);
            }

            msg.ch = std::toupper(msg.ch);
            ret = write(fd2, &msg, sizeof(msg));
            if (ret < 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "fail to write: %d, %d, %s\n", pid, i, strerror(errno));
                exit(1);
            }

            std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(100));
        }

        close(fd1);
        close(fd2);
        exit(0);
    }

    if (pid > 0) { // parent process
        auto fd1 = open(named_pipe1, O_WRONLY); // write only
        auto fd2 = open(named_pipe2, O_RDONLY); // read only
        if (fd1 < 0 || fd2 < 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "fail to open: %d, %s\n", pid, strerror(errno));
            exit(1);
        }

        for (unsigned char i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
            message msg = {pid, 'a'+i};

            auto ret = write(fd1, &msg, sizeof(msg));
            if (ret < 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "fail to write: %d, %d, %s\n", pid, i, strerror(errno));
                exit(1);
            }

            fprintf(stdout, "src char: %c\n", msg.ch);

            ret = read(fd2, &msg, sizeof(msg));
            if (ret < 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "fail to read: %d, %d, %s\n", pid, i, strerror(errno));
                exit(1);
            }

            fprintf(stdout, "dst char: %c\n", msg.ch);
            std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(100));
        }

        close(fd1);
        close(fd2);

        int status;
        auto pid2 = wait(&status); // system call suspends execution of the calling thread until one of its children terminates
        fprintf(stdout, "process ID of the terminated child: %d\n", pid2);
        if (WIFEXITED(status)) { // returns true if the child terminated normally
            fprintf(stdout, "child process ended with: exit(%d)\n", WEXITSTATUS(status));
        }
        if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) { // returns true if the child process was terminated by a signal
            fprintf(stderr, "child process ended with: kill -%d\n", WTERMSIG(status));
        }
    }

    unlink(named_pipe1); // deletes a name from the file system
    unlink(named_pipe2);
    fprintf(stdout, "====== test finish ======\n");
    return 0;
}

      build.sh内容如下：

#! /bin/bash

if [ -d build ]; then
    echo "build directory already exists, it does not need to be created again"
else
    mkdir -p build
fi

cd build
cmake ..
make

rc=$?
if [[ ${rc} != 0 ]];then
    echo "#### ERROR: please check ####"
    exit ${rc}
fi

echo "==== build finish ===="

      CMakeLists.txt内容如下：

cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.22)
project(samples_multi_process)

set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE Release) # only works under linux
set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -Wall -O2 -std=c++17")

file(GLOB samples ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/test_*.cpp)
#message(STATUS "samples: ${samples}")

foreach(sample ${samples})
    string(REGEX MATCH "[^/]+$" name ${sample})
    string(REPLACE ".cpp" "" exec_name ${name})
    #message(STATUS "exec name: ${exec_name}")

    add_executable(${exec_name} ${sample})
endforeach()

      执行结果如下图所示：

      GitHub：https://github.com/fengbingchun/Linux_Code_Test