我正在尝试抓取此产品中可用的产品标题webpage使用请求模块，但脚本总是抛出AttributeError即使产品标题位于页面源代码中（ctrl + U).
我尝试过（throws AttributeError):
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
link = 'https://www.cclonline.com/product/334427/GV-N3070AORUS-M-8GD-1-1/Graphics-Cards/Gigabyte-AORUS-GeForce-RTX-3070-MASTER-8GB-Overclocked-Graphics-Card-rev-1-1-/VGA5934/'
headers = {
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.77 Safari/537.36',
}
res = requests.get(link, headers=headers)
soup = BeautifulSoup(res.text,"lxml")
try:
product_title = soup.select_one("h1 > span").get_text(strip=True)
except AttributeError: product_title = ""
print(product_title)
预期输出：
Gigabyte GeForce RTX 3070 Aorus Master 8GB OC GPU
如何从该网页中抓取产品标题？
PS我尝试过这个库云楼也是如此，但没有运气。
EDIT:
这就是我得到的raise HTTPError(http_error_msg, response=self) requests.exceptions.HTTPError: 403 Client Error: Forbidden for url当我运行以下代码时：
import cfscrape
url = 'https://www.cclonline.com/product/334427/GV-N3070AORUS-M-8GD-1-1/Graphics-Cards/Gigabyte-AORUS-GeForce-RTX-3070-MASTER-8GB-Overclocked-Graphics-Card-rev-1-1-/VGA5934/'
headers = {
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.77 Safari/537.36',
}
token, agent = cfscrape.get_tokens(url, headers=headers)
print(token, agent)
我知道我可以利用的价值cf_clearance如果我可以从上面的尝试中获取令牌的值，则可以在 cookie 中访问页面内容。
这只是研究的占位符，可能对其他人有用Cloudflare 绕过 issue.
从使用任一网站的网站上抓取信息Cloudflare CAPTCHA 或 Javascript 挑战以加强保护。
使用标准Python 请求.Get the 云耀服务将返回 403 Forbidden 错误代码。
import requests
URL = 'https://www.cclonline.com/product/334427/GV-N3070AORUS-M-8GD-1-1/Graphics-Cards/Gigabyte-AORUS-GeForce-RTX' \
'-3070-MASTER-8GB-Overclocked-Graphics-Card-rev-1-1-/VGA5934/'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.77 Safari/537.36'}
response = requests.get(URL, headers=headers)
print(f'Status Code: {response.status_code}')
print(f'Status Code Reason: {response.reason}')
# output
Status Code: 403
Status Code Reason: Forbidden
如果我们看一下响应头我们可以看到云耀服务器正在将我们的请求代理到目标 URL。
...continued from the code above
for key, value in response.headers.items():
print(f'KEY NAME: {key}')
print(f'KEY VALUE: {value}')
print('-----------------------')
# output
KEY NAME: Date
KEY VALUE: Sun, 13 Jun 2021 16:39:03 GMT
-----------------------
KEY NAME: Content-Type
KEY VALUE: text/html; charset=UTF-8
-----------------------
KEY NAME: Transfer-Encoding
KEY VALUE: chunked
-----------------------
KEY NAME: Connection
KEY VALUE: close
-----------------------
KEY NAME: Permissions-Policy
KEY VALUE: accelerometer=(),autoplay=(),camera=(),clipboard-read=(),clipboard-write=(),fullscreen=(),geolocation=(),gyroscope=(),hid=(),interest-cohort=(),magnetometer=(),microphone=(),payment=(),publickey-credentials-get=(),screen-wake-lock=(),serial=(),sync-xhr=(),usb=()
-----------------------
KEY NAME: Cache-Control
KEY VALUE: private, max-age=0, no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate, post-check=0, pre-check=0
-----------------------
KEY NAME: Expires
KEY VALUE: Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:01 GMT
-----------------------
KEY NAME: X-Frame-Options
KEY VALUE: SAMEORIGIN
-----------------------
KEY NAME: cf-request-id
KEY VALUE: 0aa7d6c7c4000007ff7201b000000001
-----------------------
KEY NAME: Expect-CT
KEY VALUE: max-age=604800, report-uri="https://report-uri.cloudflare.com/cdn-cgi/beacon/expect-ct"
-----------------------
KEY NAME: Set-Cookie
KEY VALUE: __cf_bm=72427e2af66c7177feeb88a847fae9c26b66c681-1623602343-1800-AZAmqDfaHZU8IXOH/i3BBVf8pGcws0Gc1Tln5yKUepe3utWlCpagxvALDW6wiHd2pli9Zl45Mg8gC/QSoUFhoes=; path=/; expires=Sun, 13-Jun-21 17:09:03 GMT; domain=.cclonline.com; HttpOnly; Secure; SameSite=None
-----------------------
KEY NAME: Vary
KEY VALUE: Accept-Encoding
-----------------------
KEY NAME: Server
KEY VALUE: cloudflare
-----------------------
KEY NAME: CF-RAY
KEY VALUE: 65ecc0b9383b07ff-ATL
-----------------------
KEY NAME: Content-Encoding
KEY VALUE: gzip
-----------------------
如果我们看一下响应.文本与相关的Python 请求我们可以看到与此相关的其他证据云耀保护。
...continued from the code above
print(response.text)
# output
truncated...
<title>Please Wait... | Cloudflare</title>
<meta name="captcha-bypass" id="captcha-bypass" />
truncated...
<form class="challenge-form managed-form" id="challenge-form" action="/product/334427/GV-N3070AORUS-M-8GD-1-1/Graphics-Cards/Gigabyte-AORUS-GeForce-RTX-3070-MASTER-8GB-Overclocked-Graphics-Card-rev-1-1-/VGA5934/?__cf_chl_managed_tk__=7d4597196bb14948881846ca16631b64c55f06d3-1623602854-0-AcX2yHJM2sCalL03Opq9RiFjASeYE0Xs0KG4XeG1lezzhzEyu-bL8xsdHuEjNIIKaJkWEmha4DhViRlqWEP_HREOdA8YAY7nnNkBAHbNMs6p_AWgYNLPnSNM13PO2I96hdABtoaaKjOzV4AyJQJ8f08XEW2flN97rPxIMeiR0tI1a3PiON2dN9E_YCyneAuCUfaYWUNGL0Bqd_rkYp3Ljb2zk_kGWizckr1fvhodSEjEB-ByYVK8ODNox2oZ4XPcmCYJ6UNDmbNc406BjMeTf3e72Z7vgdnt3V714VrGN4w_Y4VQ2X1V0OVKUKEH9B5Rxa_4fEZiMAAdxZ6idg69JYMKftuuLemr53n5WAwTwyX2G7N9jmjtarxEQcCqoj9oY7oSFwQTb3ZVb9i5EeavKaE1_67wxpyPybNidBDxhLazDEMefPZGDsV9mSziuIQ90nS5vn-7sUvC8BJATNWPbh6OduchXy-QcMeYhurtukUCm3oDQMP7r4g4qvDCWI3_-ku7u-B4G2XI2kwM_tLVEZiH5uHPjWpHE6eFWohiCTxd4p7vHg7z5ug9feRalYqu3GfInd82GZ-j-7nCqLDmPh2Sjlu6sJGfopqM3XlBrd1kgRZU3Z4uw6JIIqfH0M6K3_weTtem0-Z1zhDUBbVDvgJVeHNNh_bTxHGWbFB0f80tALBMbt67RftO5u1XBUZ-TRftteXBwJ8gmYzOZTo4lQOGQ_771urYXsTuW_sp8PwxvQpEyCnY8zD8dmVz0-waZhOet8MQMwduN2nfGUOrCMwUYO9McsBqzfsT5PJZVkDm-rYBBwqw0PIwvm1-N8ymAjrpSN6ps4FerqK1uQOo77FLiOq8JCOVqdETIZ9NO07A" method="POST" enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded">
truncated...
<input type="hidden" name="r" value="d5db3eb87c9b42ec7f076916611c296abfd2c842-1623602854-0-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">
<input type="hidden" name="cf_captcha_kind" value="h">
<input type="hidden" name="vc" value="4845a44c225a1fa6a61708e11b613971">
truncated...
<script type="text/javascript">
//<![CDATA[
(function(){
var isIE = /(MSIE|Trident\/|Edge\/)/i.test(window.navigator.userAgent);
var trkjs = isIE ? new Image() : document.createElement('img');
trkjs.setAttribute("src", "/cdn-cgi/images/trace/managed/js/transparent.gif?ray=65eccd326d61f331");
trkjs.id = "trk_managed_js";
trkjs.setAttribute("alt", "");
document.body.appendChild(trkjs);
var cpo=document.createElement('script');
cpo.type='text/javascript';
cpo.src="/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/managed/v1?ray=65eccd326d61f331";
document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);
}());
//]]>
</script>
上面的信息表明，发送到目标URL的Python请求被拦截了云耀服务器，正在挑战请求。在允许初始请求继续之前，必须绕过此挑战。
OP 表示他们试图使用cfscrapePython包获取token信息云耀 server.
标准 cfscrape 请求提供与以下相同的响应Python 请求。
import cfscrape
URL = 'https://www.cclonline.com/product/334427/GV-N3070AORUS-M-8GD-1-1/Graphics-Cards/Gigabyte-AORUS-GeForce-RTX' \
'-3070-MASTER-8GB-Overclocked-Graphics-Card-rev-1-1-/VGA5934/'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.77 Safari/537.36'}
scraper = cfscrape.create_scraper(delay=10)
response = scraper.get(URL, headers=headers)
print(f'Status Code: {response.status_code}')
print(f'Status Code Reason: {response.reason}')
# output
Status Code: 403
Status Code Reason: Forbidden
The cfscrape包还支持以下功能拿到令牌 and 获取cookie字符串，但这两者都会产生 403 Forbidden 错误代码。
From cfscrape源代码：
def is_cloudflare_captcha_challenge(resp):
return (
resp.status_code == 403
and resp.headers.get("Server", "").startswith("cloudflare")
and b"/cdn-cgi/l/chk_captcha" in resp.content
)
# the function above is called from this
def request(self, method, url, *args, **kwargs):
resp = super(CloudflareScraper, self).request(method, url, *args, **kwargs)
# Check if Cloudflare captcha challenge is presented
if self.is_cloudflare_captcha_challenge(resp):
self.handle_captcha_challenge(resp, url)
# Check if Cloudflare anti-bot "I'm Under Attack Mode" is enabled
if self.is_cloudflare_iuam_challenge(resp):
resp = self.solve_cf_challenge(resp, **kwargs)
return resp
The 处理验证码挑战函数就是试图解决云耀JavaScript 挑战。这一段代码是什么失败了。目前还不清楚该部分的哪一部分失败了，因此需要进行额外的研究和测试。
请注意：据该软件包的开发者称该模块不再受支持.
OP 还表示，他们尝试使用云楼Python包获取token信息云耀服务器。这毫无价值云楼被分叉自cf刮,所以语法是相似的。
云楼得到与以下相同的 403 Forbidden 错误代码cfscrape。
import cloudscraper
URL = 'https://www.cclonline.com/product/334427/GV-N3070AORUS-M-8GD-1-1/Graphics-Cards/Gigabyte-AORUS-GeForce-RTX' \
'-3070-MASTER-8GB-Overclocked-Graphics-Card-rev-1-1-/VGA5934/'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.77 Safari/537.36'}
scraper = cloudscraper.create_scraper()
response = scraper.get(URL)
print(f'Status Code: {response.status_code}')
print(f'Status Code Reason: {response.reason}')
# output
Status Code: 403
Status Code Reason: Forbidden
The 云楼包还支持以下功能拿到令牌 and 获取cookie字符串，但这两者都会产生 403 Forbidden 错误代码。
OP 还表示，他们尝试使用seleniumPython 包。
特别说明：在我的测试过程中，我将 selenium 与 webdrivers 一起使用谷歌浏览器, 火狐浏览器 and 微软边缘.
在过去 12 个月内，这些选项可用于selenium绕过云耀保护。不幸的是，这些选项今天不起作用
chrome_options.add_experimental_option("excludeSwitches", ["enable-automation"])
chrome_options.add_experimental_option('useAutomationExtension', False)
# additional disable-blink-features are available in Chromium source code on Github
chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-blink-features=AutomationControlled")
下面是一个selenium使用 Chrome Webdriver 和上述开关的代码示例。
from selenium import webdriver
chrome_options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
chrome_options.add_argument(
"user-agent=Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.77 Safari/537.36")
chrome_options.add_argument("start-maximized")
chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-blink-features=AutomationControlled")
chrome_options.add_experimental_option("excludeSwitches", ["enable-automation"])
chrome_options.add_experimental_option('useAutomationExtension', False)
driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path='/usr/local/bin/chromedriver', options=chrome_options)
URL = "https://www.cclonline.com/product/334427/GV-N3070AORUS-M-8GD-1-1/Graphics-Cards/Gigabyte-AORUS-GeForce-RTX-3070-MASTER-8GB-Overclocked-Graphics-Card-rev-1-1-/VGA5934"
driver.get(URL)
上面的代码打开一个浏览器会话，它面临着云耀JavaScript 挑战。在使用上述开关进行测试期间，这一挑战不会停止。这Cloudflare Ray ID，在我手动终止会话之前，每个请求的唯一 ID 会轮换多次。
硒线需要获取状态码
下面是一个headless模式 Chrome webdriver 会话，该会话还显示目标 URL 的 403 Forbidden 错误代码。会议还表明验证码网站反机器人技术现已融入其中。
from seleniumwire import webdriver
chrome_options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
chrome_options.add_argument("start-maximized")
chrome_options.add_argument("--headless")
chrome_options.add_argument(
"user-agent=Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.77 Safari/537.36")
chrome_options.add_experimental_option("excludeSwitches", ["enable-automation"])
chrome_options.add_experimental_option('useAutomationExtension', False)
chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-blink-features=AutomationControlled")
driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path='/usr/local/bin/chromedriver', options=chrome_options)
URL = "https://www.cclonline.com/product/334427/GV-N3070AORUS-M-8GD-1-1/Graphics-Cards/Gigabyte-AORUS-GeForce-RTX-3070-MASTER-8GB-Overclocked-Graphics-Card-rev-1-1-/VGA5934"
driver.get(URL)
for request in driver.requests:
print(f'Status Code: {request.response}')
print(f'Host Name: {request.host}')
# output
Status Code: 403
Host Name: www.cclonline.com
-----------------------
Status Code: 200
Host Name: www.cclonline.com
-----------------------
Status Code: 200
Host Name: www.cclonline.com
-----------------------
Status Code: 200
Host Name: www.cclonline.com
-----------------------
Status Code: 200
Host Name: www.cclonline.com
-----------------------
Status Code: 200
Host Name: www.cclonline.com
-----------------------
Status Code: 200
Host Name: www.cclonline.com
-----------------------
Status Code: 200
Host Name: www.cclonline.com
-----------------------
Status Code: 302
Host Name: hcaptcha.com
-----------------------
Status Code: 200
Host Name: newassets.hcaptcha.com
-----------------------
driver.quit()
使用 UI 的标准 Chrome Webdriver 会话显示带有以下内容的 iFrame“我是人”复选框。
如果我手动或使用单击按钮selenium会话中，系统会提示我使用图片验证码，这增加了绕过验证码的复杂性云耀保护。
When a 云耀验证码或 Javascript 挑战已解决cf_间隙cookie是在客户端浏览器中设置的。这cf_间隙cookie 的默认生存期为 30 分钟，但可以通过以下方式进行配置云耀 client.
如果您在 Google Chrome 浏览器中手动打开 OP 的目标 URL，您可以看到cf_间隙cookie 使用开发者工具
看来cf_间隙根据此会话开始的 UTC 时间和 cookie 设置的到期日期，cookie 生存期设置为 60 分钟。
到目前为止我还没有找到使用Python 提取这个cookie 的方法。
