低延迟地从 IP 摄像机获取帧

我当前正在使用此命令从 RTSP 流获取帧并从标准输出读取帧：

ffmpeg -nostdin -rtsp_transport tcp -i <rtsp_stream> -pix_fmt bgr24 -an -vcodec rawvideo -f rawvideo -

但是，我希望获得与通过 ffplay 看到它时相同的延迟：

ffplay -fflags nobuffer -flags low_delay -tune zerolatency -framedrop -rtsp_transport tcp <rtsp_stream>

或者当我通过 VLC Media > Open Network Stream 使用 :network_caching=300ms 播放它时。

我想知道我的 ffmpeg 命令可以使用哪些其他参数来获得与 ffplay 命令相同（或更好）的结果。

我已经参考了：如何将原始 RTSP 流转储到文件？, 打开CV RTSP相机缓冲滞后, 如何使用 python 通过管道传输 ffmpeg 的输出？, 与 ffplay 和 VLC 相比，ffmpeg 性能较差, 如何使用 ffmpeg 最小化直播中的延迟

我当前的实现：

FFMPEG_CMD = "ffmpeg -nostdin -rtsp_transport tcp -i <rtsp_stream> -pix_fmt bgr24 -an -vcodec rawvideo -f rawvideo -".split(" ")
WIDTH = 2560
HEIGHT = 1440

process = subprocess.Popen(FFMPEG_CMD, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)

while True:
    raw_frame = process.stdout.read(WIDTH*HEIGHT*3)
    frame = np.frombuffer(raw_frame, np.uint8) 
    frame = frame.reshape((HEIGHT, WIDTH, 3))

    <do stuff with frame/ show frame etc.>

谢谢阅读。

ffmpeg我现在使用的命令延迟时间小于 1 秒。

ffmpeg -nostdin -flags low_delay -rtsp_transport tcp -i <rtsp_stream> -pix_fmt bgr24 -an -vcodec rawvideo -f rawvideo -

根据答案中的建议实施：

import subprocess
import numpy as np

FFMPEG_CMD = "ffmpeg -nostdin -flags low_delay -rtsp_transport tcp -i <rtsp_stream> -pix_fmt bgr24 -an -vcodec rawvideo -f rawvideo -".split(" ")
WIDTH = 2560
HEIGHT = 1440

process = subprocess.Popen(FFMPEG_CMD, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)

raw_frame = np.empty((HEIGHT, WIDTH, 3), np.uint8) 
frame_bytes = memoryview(raw_frame).cast("B")

while process.poll() is None:
    process.stdout.readinto(frame_bytes)
    frame = raw_frame.reshape((HEIGHT, WIDTH, 3))

    <do stuff with frame/ show frame etc.>

我做了一些关于减少视频延迟的研究。
My 以下答案表明相关的 FFmpeg 标志是-probesize 32 and -flags low_delay.

上述标志与视频相关decoder侧（接收侧）。

视频编码参数“发送器/编码器侧”对于确定端到端延迟更为重要。
添加参数-tune zerolatency将编码器延迟降至最低，但所需的带宽要高得多（并且可能与通过互联网进行流式传输无关）。
我将限制我对解码延迟的回答，因为它似乎与您的问题主题更相关。

关于“知道其他人如何以低延迟获取视频帧”的主题是一个单独问题的主题（我不知道答案）。

为了比较 FFplay 和 FFmpeg（解码器）之间的延迟差异，我创建了一个“自包含”测试示例。

主要“原则”：

• 执行 FFmpeg 子进程以并行传输两个 RTSP 输出流。
  流式视频是合成模式，帧计数器作为视频上的文本。
  两个输出流应用相同的编码参数（仅端口不同）。
  RTSP IP 地址是127.0.0.1（本地主机）。
  （注：我们可能会使用三通复用器而不是编码两次，但我从未尝试过）。
• 执行FFplay子进程来解码并显示一个视频流。
• 执行 FFmpeg 子进程来解码其他视频流。
  OpenCV imshow用于显示视频。
• 计数器较大的显示视频是延迟较低的视频。

代码示例（已更新）：

import cv2
import numpy as np
import subprocess as sp
import shlex


rtsp_stream0 = 'rtsp://127.0.0.1:21415/live.stream'  # Use localhost for testing 
rtsp_stream1 = 'rtsp://127.0.0.1:31415/live.stream'
width = 256  # Use low resolution (for testing).
height = 144
fps = 30

# https://stackoverflow.com/questions/60462840/ffmpeg-delay-in-decoding-h264
ffmpeg_cmd = shlex.split(f'ffmpeg -nostdin -probesize 32 -flags low_delay -fflags nobuffer -rtsp_flags listen -rtsp_transport tcp -stimeout 1000000 -an -i {rtsp_stream0} -pix_fmt bgr24 -an -vcodec rawvideo -f rawvideo pipe:')


# FFplay command before updating the code (latency is still too high):  
# ffplay_cmd = shlex.split(f'ffplay -probesize 32 -analyzeduration 0 -sync ext -fflags nobuffer -flags low_delay -avioflags direct -rtsp_flags listen -strict experimental -framedrop -rtsp_transport tcp -listen_timeout 1000000 {rtsp_stream1}')

# Updated FFplay command - adding "-vf setpts=0" (fixing the latency issue):
# https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16658873/how-to-minimize-the-delay-in-a-live-streaming-with-ffmpeg
ffplay_cmd = shlex.split(f'ffplay -probesize 32 -analyzeduration 0 -sync ext -fflags nobuffer -flags low_delay -avioflags direct -rtsp_flags listen -strict experimental -framedrop -vf setpts=0 -rtsp_transport tcp -listen_timeout 1000000 {rtsp_stream1}')

# Execute FFplay to used as reference
ffplay_process = sp.Popen(ffplay_cmd)

# Open sub-process that gets in_stream as input and uses stdout as an output PIPE.
process = sp.Popen(ffmpeg_cmd, stdout=sp.PIPE) #,stderr=sp.DEVNULL


# The following FFmpeg sub-process stream RTSP video.
# The video is synthetic video with frame counter (that counts every frame) at 30fps.
# The arguments of the encoder are almost default arguments - not tuned for low latency.
# drawtext filter with the n or frame_num function https://stackoverflow.com/questions/15364861/frame-number-overlay-with-ffmpeg
rtsp_streaming_process = sp.Popen(shlex.split(f'ffmpeg -re -f lavfi -i testsrc=size={width}x{height}:rate={fps} '
                                               '-filter_complex "drawtext=fontfile=Arial.ttf: text=''%{frame_num}'': start_number=1: x=(w-tw)/2: y=h-(2*lh): fontcolor=black: fontsize=72: box=1: boxcolor=white: boxborderw=5",'
                                               'split[v0][v1] '  # Split the input into [v0] and [v1]
                                               '-vcodec libx264 -pix_fmt yuv420p -g 30 -rtsp_transport tcp -f rtsp -muxdelay 0.1 -bsf:v dump_extra '
                                              f'-map "[v0]" -an {rtsp_stream0} '
                                               '-vcodec libx264 -pix_fmt yuv420p -g 30 -rtsp_transport tcp -f rtsp -muxdelay 0.1 -bsf:v dump_extra '
                                              f'-map "[v1]" -an {rtsp_stream1}'))


while True:
    raw_frame = process.stdout.read(width*height*3)

    if len(raw_frame) != (width*height*3):
        print('Error reading frame!!!')  # Break the loop in case of an error (too few bytes were read).
        break

    # Transform the byte read into a numpy array, and reshape it to video frame dimensions
    frame = np.frombuffer(raw_frame, np.uint8)
    frame = frame.reshape((height, width, 3))

    # Show frame for testing
    cv2.imshow('frame', frame)
    key = cv2.waitKey(1)

    if key == 27:
        break
  
process.stdout.close()
process.wait()
ffplay_process.kill()
rtsp_streaming_process.kill()
cv2.destroyAllWindows()

添加之前的示例输出-vf setpts=0:

Sample output (left side is OpenCV and right side is FFplay):

看起来 FFmpeg-OpenCV 延迟降低了6 frames添加之前-vf setpts=0到 FFplay 命令。

注意：我花了一些时间才找到解决方案，我决定保留原始帖子的结果，以显示添加setpts filter.

Update:

Adding -vf setpts=0解决了延迟问题。

最新答案来自以下帖子建议添加setpts将所有视频时间戳重置为零的视频过滤器。
对于音频流的存在来说，这可能不是一个好主意，但是当需要最低的视频延迟时，这是我能找到的最佳解决方案。

添加后-vf setpts=0FFplay 和 OpenCV 的延迟大致相同：

重复测试mpv媒体播放器:

（注：在我找到 FFplay 解决方案之前，它似乎更相关）。

当应用所有 mpv“延迟黑客”时这一页，mpv和OpenCV的延迟大致相同：

FFplay 肯定有解决方案，但我找不到它......

代码示例（使用 mpv 而不是 FFplay）：

import cv2
import numpy as np
import subprocess as sp
import shlex

rtsp_stream0 = 'rtsp://127.0.0.1:21415/live.stream'  # Use localhost for testing 
rtsp_stream1 = 'rtsp://127.0.0.1:31415/live.stream'
width = 256  # Use low resolution (for testing).
height = 144
fps = 30

# https://stackoverflow.com/questions/60462840/ffmpeg-delay-in-decoding-h264
ffmpeg_cmd = shlex.split(f'ffmpeg -nostdin -probesize 32 -flags low_delay -fflags nobuffer -rtsp_flags listen -rtsp_transport tcp -stimeout 1000000 -an -i {rtsp_stream0} -pix_fmt bgr24 -an -vcodec rawvideo -f rawvideo pipe:')

# https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16658873/how-to-minimize-the-delay-in-a-live-streaming-with-ffmpeg
#ffplay_cmd = shlex.split(f'ffplay -probesize 32 -analyzeduration 0 -sync ext -fflags nobuffer -flags low_delay -avioflags direct -rtsp_flags listen -strict experimental -framedrop -rtsp_transport tcp -listen_timeout 1000000 {rtsp_stream1}')

# https://github.com/mpv-player/mpv/issues/4213
mpv_cmd = shlex.split(f'mpv --demuxer-lavf-o=rtsp_flags=listen --rtsp-transport=tcp --profile=low-latency --no-cache --untimed --no-demuxer-thread --vd-lavc-threads=1 {rtsp_stream1}')

# Execute FFplay to used as reference
#ffplay_process = sp.Popen(ffplay_cmd)

# Execute mpv media player (as reference)
mpv_process = sp.Popen(mpv_cmd)

# Open sub-process that gets in_stream as input and uses stdout as an output PIPE.
process = sp.Popen(ffmpeg_cmd, stdout=sp.PIPE) #,stderr=sp.DEVNULL


# The following FFmpeg sub-process stream RTSP video.
# The video is synthetic video with frame counter (that counts every frame) at 30fps.
# The arguments of the encoder are almost default arguments - not tuned for low latency.
# drawtext filter with the n or frame_num function https://stackoverflow.com/questions/15364861/frame-number-overlay-with-ffmpeg
rtsp_streaming_process = sp.Popen(shlex.split(f'ffmpeg -re -f lavfi -i testsrc=size={width}x{height}:rate={fps} '
                                               '-filter_complex "drawtext=fontfile=Arial.ttf: text=''%{frame_num}'': start_number=1: x=(w-tw)/2: y=h-(2*lh): fontcolor=black: fontsize=72: box=1: boxcolor=white: boxborderw=5",'
                                               'split[v0][v1] '  # Split the input into [v0] and [v1]
                                               '-vcodec libx264 -pix_fmt yuv420p -g 30 -rtsp_transport tcp -f rtsp -muxdelay 0.1 -bsf:v dump_extra '
                                              f'-map "[v0]" -an {rtsp_stream0} '
                                               '-vcodec libx264 -pix_fmt yuv420p -g 30 -rtsp_transport tcp -f rtsp -muxdelay 0.1 -bsf:v dump_extra '
                                              f'-map "[v1]" -an {rtsp_stream1}'))


while True:
    raw_frame = process.stdout.read(width*height*3)

    if len(raw_frame) != (width*height*3):
        print('Error reading frame!!!')  # Break the loop in case of an error (too few bytes were read).
        break

    # Transform the byte read into a numpy array, and reshape it to video frame dimensions
    frame = np.frombuffer(raw_frame, np.uint8)
    frame = frame.reshape((height, width, 3))

    # Show frame for testing
    cv2.imshow('frame', frame)
    key = cv2.waitKey(1)

    if key == 27:
        break
  
process.stdout.close()
process.wait()
#ffplay_process.kill()
mpv_process.kill()
rtsp_streaming_process.kill()
cv2.destroyAllWindows()