计算字符串中的数学表达式

stringExp = "2^4"
intVal = int(stringExp)      # Expected value: 16

这将返回以下错误：

Traceback (most recent call last):  
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: invalid literal for int()
with base 10: '2^4'

我知道eval可以解决这个问题，但是是否有更好且更重要的是更安全的方法来评估存储在字符串中的数学表达式？

eval is evil

eval("__import__('os').remove('important file')") # arbitrary commands
eval("9**9**9**9**9**9**9**9", {'__builtins__': None}) # CPU, memory

注意：即使你使用 set__builtins__ to None使用内省仍然有可能突破：

eval('(1).__class__.__bases__[0].__subclasses__()', {'__builtins__': None})

使用计算算术表达式ast

import ast
import operator as op

# supported operators
operators = {ast.Add: op.add, ast.Sub: op.sub, ast.Mult: op.mul,
             ast.Div: op.truediv, ast.Pow: op.pow, ast.BitXor: op.xor,
             ast.USub: op.neg}

def eval_expr(expr):
    """
    >>> eval_expr('2^6')
    4
    >>> eval_expr('2**6')
    64
    >>> eval_expr('1 + 2*3**(4^5) / (6 + -7)')
    -5.0
    """
    return eval_(ast.parse(expr, mode='eval').body)

def eval_(node):
    if isinstance(node, ast.Num): # <number>
        return node.n
    elif isinstance(node, ast.BinOp): # <left> <operator> <right>
        return operators[type(node.op)](eval_(node.left), eval_(node.right))
    elif isinstance(node, ast.UnaryOp): # <operator> <operand> e.g., -1
        return operators[type(node.op)](eval_(node.operand))
    else:
        raise TypeError(node)

您可以轻松限制每个操作或任何中间结果的允许范围，例如限制输入参数a**b:

def power(a, b):
    if any(abs(n) > 100 for n in [a, b]):
        raise ValueError((a,b))
    return op.pow(a, b)
operators[ast.Pow] = power

或者限制中间结果的大小：

import functools

def limit(max_=None):
    """Return decorator that limits allowed returned values."""
    def decorator(func):
        @functools.wraps(func)
        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
            ret = func(*args, **kwargs)
            try:
                mag = abs(ret)
            except TypeError:
                pass # not applicable
            else:
                if mag > max_:
                    raise ValueError(ret)
            return ret
        return wrapper
    return decorator

eval_ = limit(max_=10**100)(eval_)

Example

>>> evil = "__import__('os').remove('important file')"
>>> eval_expr(evil) #doctest:+IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError:
>>> eval_expr("9**9")
387420489
>>> eval_expr("9**9**9**9**9**9**9**9") #doctest:+IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: