类型错误：“字节”类型的对象不可 JSON 序列化

我刚刚开始Python 编程。我想用scrapy创建一个机器人，它显示 类型错误：当我运行项目时，“字节”类型的对象不可 JSON 序列化。

import json
import codecs

class W3SchoolPipeline(object):

  def __init__(self):
      self.file = codecs.open('w3school_data_utf8.json', 'wb', encoding='utf-8')

  def process_item(self, item, spider):
      line = json.dumps(dict(item)) + '\n'
      # print line

      self.file.write(line.decode("unicode_escape"))
      return item

from scrapy.spiders import Spider
from scrapy.selector import Selector
from w3school.items import W3schoolItem

class W3schoolSpider(Spider):

    name = "w3school"
    allowed_domains = ["w3school.com.cn"]

    start_urls = [
        "http://www.w3school.com.cn/xml/xml_syntax.asp"
    ]

    def parse(self, response):
        sel = Selector(response)
        sites = sel.xpath('//div[@id="navsecond"]/div[@id="course"]/ul[1]/li')

    items = []
    for site in sites:
        item = W3schoolItem()
        title = site.xpath('a/text()').extract()
        link = site.xpath('a/@href').extract()
        desc = site.xpath('a/@title').extract()

        item['title'] = [t.encode('utf-8') for t in title]
        item['link'] = [l.encode('utf-8') for l in link]
        item['desc'] = [d.encode('utf-8') for d in desc]
        items.append(item)
        return items

追溯：

TypeError: Object of type 'bytes' is not JSON serializable
2017-06-23 01:41:15 [scrapy.core.scraper] ERROR: Error processing       {'desc': [b'\x
e4\xbd\xbf\xe7\x94\xa8 XSLT \xe6\x98\xbe\xe7\xa4\xba XML'],
 'link': [b'/xml/xml_xsl.asp'],
 'title': [b'XML XSLT']}

Traceback (most recent call last):
File  
"c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python36\lib\site-p
ackages\twisted\internet\defer.py", line 653, in _runCallbacks
    current.result = callback(current.result, *args, **kw)
File "D:\LZZZZB\w3school\w3school\pipelines.py", line 19, in process_item
    line = json.dumps(dict(item)) + '\n'
File 
"c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python36\lib\json\_
_init__.py", line 231, in dumps
    return _default_encoder.encode(obj)
File 
"c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python36\lib\json\e
ncoder.py", line 199, in encode
    chunks = self.iterencode(o, _one_shot=True)
File  
"c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python36\lib\json\e
ncoder.py", line 257, in iterencode
    return _iterencode(o, 0)
File      
"c:\users\administrator\appdata\local\programs\python\python36\lib\
json\encoder.py", line 180, in default
    o.__class__.__name__)
  TypeError: Object of type 'bytes' is not JSON serializable

你正在创造那些bytes对象自己：

item['title'] = [t.encode('utf-8') for t in title]
item['link'] = [l.encode('utf-8') for l in link]
item['desc'] = [d.encode('utf-8') for d in desc]
items.append(item)

其中每一个t.encode(), l.encode() and d.encode()调用创建一个bytes细绳。不要这样做，将其保留为 JSON 格式来序列化它们。

接下来，你还犯了其他几个错误；您在不需要的地方编码太多。留给json模块和standard返回的文件对象open()调用来处理编码。

您也不需要转换您的items列出字典；它已经是一个可以直接进行 JSON 编码的对象：

class W3SchoolPipeline(object):    
    def __init__(self):
        self.file = open('w3school_data_utf8.json', 'w', encoding='utf-8')

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        line = json.dumps(item) + '\n'
        self.file.write(line)
        return item

我猜您遵循的教程假定使用 Python 2，而您正在使用 Python 3。我强烈建议你找到一个不同的教程；它不仅是为过时的 Python 版本编写的，如果它提倡line.decode('unicode_escape')它正在教一些极其坏的习惯，这些习惯会导致难以跟踪的错误。我可以推荐你看看思考 Python，第二版 https://greenteapress.com/wp/think-python-2e/一本关于学习 Python 3 的免费好书。