如何恢复 HEAD^ 的树？

tl;dr:可以恢复吗HEAD^的树，如果它被删除并且没有事先推送并且其他一切都完好无损？

我不小心删除了我的一部分.git。我不完全确定缺少什么。

当发现git push没用，我跑了git fsck:

Checking object directories: 100% (256/256), done.
Checking objects: 100% (1265/1265), done.
broken link from  commit f3419f630546ba02baf43f4ca760b02c0f4a0e6d
              to    tree 29616dfefd2bff59b7fb3177e99b4a1efc7132fa
broken link from  commit ccfe9502e24d2b5195008005d83155197a2dca25
              to    tree 0580c3675560cbfd3f989878a9524e35f53f08e9
broken link from  commit ccfe9502e24d2b5195008005d83155197a2dca25
              to  commit 0bca9b3a9f1dd9106922f5b4ec59cdc00dd6c049
broken link from    tree 6d33d35870281340c7c2f86c6d48c8f133b836bb
              to    blob 226d8a10a623acd943bb8eddd080a5929f3ccb2c
broken link from  commit db238d4a52ee8f18a04c038809bc6587d7643438
              to    tree 0b69ab3f6940a04684ee8c0c423ae7da89de749c
missing tree 0580c3675560cbfd3f989878a9524e35f53f08e9
dangling commit 05512f9ac09d932e7d9a11d490c8a2f117c0ca11
missing tree 29616dfefd2bff59b7fb3177e99b4a1efc7132fa
dangling commit 578464dde7d7b8628f77e536b4076cfa491d7602
missing blob 5d351b568abb734605ca4bf446e13cfd87ca9ce8
missing tree 0b69ab3f6940a04684ee8c0c423ae7da89de749c
missing commit 0bca9b3a9f1dd9106922f5b4ec59cdc00dd6c049
dangling blob d53a9d0f3364b648edbc4beede022e4594a84c35
missing blob 23db34f729a88c5f5f7fe6e281921f1334f493d1
dangling commit 8dcbde55462ca0c29e0ca339a49db95b43188ef1
dangling blob e59b25b9675625d0e6b8abfa37e955ab46493fd9
missing blob 226d8a10a623acd943bb8eddd080a5929f3ccb2c
dangling commit 85fdaaa579cf1ae2a8874e3e1f3c65d68b478179
dangling commit 075e9d72e90cc8bf3d960edd8376aaae0847f916
missing blob 83fec2ff8cfcaaa06c96917b6973ace96301e932
dangling commit a88e18e1c102d909361738fd70137b3f4a1c7496
dangling blob 9c6f61e0acffe2a1f5322cd2b72c181e95e9de75
dangling commit ca9fe0dd3123a731fc310b2a2285b00ef673de79

所以我的假设是我只是丢失了一些可以从 GitHub 恢复的信息。我的本能反应就是跑git fetch，但返回时没有输出，因为它认为没有任何新内容可以获取。

我尝试拆包.git/objects/pack/pack-ea43d1db155e4502c2250ec1d4608843715c8b1f.pack，几种方法，但从未奏效。例如：

% git clone --mirror git://github.com/strugee/dots.git # returns bare repo
Cloning into bare repository 'dots.git'...
remote: Counting objects: 1331, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (23/23), done.
remote: Total 1331 (delta 12), reused 0 (delta 0)
Receiving objects: 100% (1331/1331), 402.31 KiB | 197.00 KiB/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (454/454), done.
Checking connectivity... done.
% ls dots.git
config  description  HEAD  hooks  info  objects  packed-refs  refs
% mkdir git-tmp; cd git-tmp
% git init
% git unpack-objects < ../dots.git/objects/pack/pack-ea43d1db155e4502c2250ec1d4608843715c8b1f.pack
error: inflate: data stream error (incorrect data check)
error: inflate returned -3

我每次都会遇到这个错误。 （请记住：这是一个--mirror，所以这是一个精确复制GitHub 拥有的内容 - 对吗？那怎么可能腐败呢？）

最终我意识到我实际上并没有need解压包文件。我可以将其复制回原始存储库，Git 就会很好地拾取它。所以：

% cd ../configs
% cp ../dots.git/objects/pack/pack-ea43d1db155e4502c2250ec1d4608843715c8b1f.* .git/objects/pack/

这似乎成功了。大多。

% git fsck
Checking object directories: 100% (256/256), done.
Checking objects: 100% (2596/2596), done.
broken link from  commit db238d4a52ee8f18a04c038809bc6587d7643438
              to    tree 0b69ab3f6940a04684ee8c0c423ae7da89de749c
dangling commit 05512f9ac09d932e7d9a11d490c8a2f117c0ca11
dangling commit 578464dde7d7b8628f77e536b4076cfa491d7602
missing blob 5d351b568abb734605ca4bf446e13cfd87ca9ce8
missing tree 0b69ab3f6940a04684ee8c0c423ae7da89de749c
dangling blob d53a9d0f3364b648edbc4beede022e4594a84c35
dangling commit 8dcbde55462ca0c29e0ca339a49db95b43188ef1
dangling commit 85fdaaa579cf1ae2a8874e3e1f3c65d68b478179
dangling commit 075e9d72e90cc8bf3d960edd8376aaae0847f916
missing blob 83fec2ff8cfcaaa06c96917b6973ace96301e932
dangling commit a88e18e1c102d909361738fd70137b3f4a1c7496
dangling commit ca9fe0dd3123a731fc310b2a2285b00ef673de79

正如您所看到的，这修复了除一个缺失链接之外的所有链接。事实证明，db238d是提交的 id（恰好是HEAD^）我还没有推送。我是否正确地假设此存储库中的最后两次提交是不可恢复的，并且我需要重新创建这些提交的内容？在这种情况下我做出了正确的决定吗？

Try git fetch 包 https://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-fetch-pack.html恢复另一个存储库中可用的丢失对象。说明如下。

为了恢复未推送的提交，特别是 HEAD^1 我将从

git diff-tree -r HEAD~2^{tree} HEAD^{tree}

您将获得所有已更改的树/blob 及其 SHA 的列表（其中包括 HEAD 和 HEAD^1 的更改）。根据可用信息的多少，您也许能够重新创建部分丢失的树。不过，丢失的斑点会带来更大的问题。

Use of git fetch-pack

故意损坏存储库

me@myvm:/scratch/corrupt/.git  (GIT_DIR!)$ cd objects/
me@myvm:/scratch/corrupt/.git/objects  (GIT_DIR!)$ ll
total 20
drwxrwxr-x 2 andrewc warp 4096 Oct  7 06:03 20
drwxrwxr-x 2 andrewc warp 4096 Oct  7 06:03 22
drwxrwxr-x 2 andrewc warp 4096 Oct  7 06:03 25
drwxrwxr-x 2 andrewc warp 4096 Oct  7 06:03 info
drwxrwxr-x 2 andrewc warp 4096 Oct  7 06:03 pack
me@myvm:/scratch/corrupt/.git/objects  (GIT_DIR!)$ rm -rf 22

验证磁头处于不良状态

me@myvm:/scratch/corrupt/.git/objects  (GIT_DIR!)$ cd ../../
me@myvm:/scratch/corrupt  (master)$ git status
fatal: bad object HEAD

恢复丢失的对象

me@myvm:/scratch/corrupt  (master)$ git fetch-pack --all $(git config --get remote.origin.url)
error: refs/heads/master does not point to a valid object!
error: refs/remotes/origin/HEAD does not point to a valid object!
error: refs/remotes/origin/master does not point to a valid object!
error: refs/heads/master does not point to a valid object!
error: refs/remotes/origin/HEAD does not point to a valid object!
error: refs/remotes/origin/master does not point to a valid object!
remote: Counting objects: 3, done.
remote: Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
22ecde746be79c65b27a5cf1dc421764d8ff6e17 HEAD
22ecde746be79c65b27a5cf1dc421764d8ff6e17 refs/heads/master
me@myvm:/scratch/corrupt  (master)$ git status
On branch master
Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
nothing to commit, working directory clean

丢失的物品已恢复

me@myvm:/scratch/corrupt  (master)$ ll .git/objects/
total 20
drwxrwxr-x 2 andrewc warp 4096 Oct  7 06:03 20
drwxrwxr-x 2 andrewc warp 4096 Oct  7 06:05 22
drwxrwxr-x 2 andrewc warp 4096 Oct  7 06:03 25
drwxrwxr-x 2 andrewc warp 4096 Oct  7 06:03 info
drwxrwxr-x 2 andrewc warp 4096 Oct  7 06:03 pack
me@myvm:/scratch/corrupt  (master)$ 


me@myvm:/scratch/corrupt  (master)$ git status
On branch master
Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
nothing to commit, working directory clean

如果您最终处于可以找到损坏的树对象和损坏的 blob 对象的状态，您可以手动恢复它们。你可以git cat-file -p BLOB_SHA对于任何 blob，这都会转储内容。如果您可以通过查看内容找出该文件是什么，就可以帮助您恢复该文件。同样地git cat-file -p TREE_SHA将转储树，它会告诉您文件名和 blob SHA。此时，您将尝试手动构造树并从可能的部分数据提交对象。如果您的 HEAD 提交正常，那么您只是缺少历史记录，并且至少应该覆盖最新的状态。