计算机网络实践
第一章 计算机基本命令
一、网线制作
- 材料:
- 双绞线(8根线两两绞在一起为减弱电磁干扰);
- 水晶头;
- 压线钳
- 双绞线测试仪
- 制作过程:
- 用压线钳将双绞线一端的灰色表层剥去3CM(不要太长 压线时需要压灰色表层进水晶头);
- 把线扭开
- 按EIA/TIA 568B标准顺序将线芯撸直并拢
- 将芯线放到压线钳切刀处,8根线芯要在同一平面上并拢,留下一定的线芯长度剪齐;
- 将双绞线插入RJ45水晶头中,水晶头弹片向下,插入过程均衡力度直到插到尽头;
- 用压线钳用力压紧水晶头,抽出即可;
- 同样方法制作别一端网线;
- 最后把网线的两头分别插到双绞线测试仪上,打开测试仪开关测试指示灯亮起来。如果正常网线,两排的指示灯都是同步亮的,如果有此灯没同步亮,证明该线芯连接有问题,应重新制作;
二、基本命令
1. 基本命令:
- ipconfig : 查IP地址
- ping :测试网址通不通
- tracert:路由追踪,查看经过哪些三层设备
- arp:地址解析协议,可获得Mac地址
- route print:获取路由表
2. 虚拟局域网VLAN:
- VLAN适合广域网;
- Switch:交换机 ,一个VLAN就是一个广播域;
- VLAN划间不通信,想通信需要引入三层设备;
- VLAN优点:可以添加移动修改,控制广播,避免病毒;
- 槽位号/版口号/端口号
- display current-configuration(显示当前配置)
- system-view(用户模式→系统模式)
- quit(退出)
- sysname(改名)
- VLAN 2(创建VLAN)
- undo VLAN 2(删除)
/ - interface e0/0/1 (进入接口)
- port link-type access(连接接口)
- port default vlan 2(给接口划分vlan)
- dis this(查看)
/ - interface g0/0/1
- port link-type trunk
- port trunk allow-pass vlan 2 3
- dis this
- quit
- save
- 分组
- port-group name→port-group 1
- group-member e0/0/1 e0/0/2
3.网络通信
- 同网段的通信,只需要二层设备(交换机),通过查找mac地址表来转发数据(dis mac-address)
- arp协议:通过IP地址获取其对应的mac地址
- IP1与IP4通信时,首先会发出arp请求包,获取对端的mac地址
- 交换机是基于源mac地址来构建mac地址表
4.交换机端口类型
-
Access端口:
1.一般用于连接用户计算机
2.只能属于一个VLAN
3.Access端口所属的VLAN的ID相同(默认为1)
-
Trunk端口:
1.一般用于交换机之间或交换机与路由器之间的互连
2.trunk端口可以属于多个VLAN
3.用户可以设置Trunk端口的PVID的值。默认情况下,Trunk端口的PVID值为1
4.VLAN相同,可以通过trunk到不同广播域
第2章 实验
实验1 练习搭建
实验2 VLAN连通
实验3 单臂路由
- 交换机接口:二层口;
- 路由器接口:三层口;
- 子接口是逻辑接口:兼具二层和三层特性;
- 交换机有Mac地址表 目标地址|源地址|类型|数据载荷|FCS;
流程:
- 交换机L1:
[L1] sys → sysname L1 → vlan batch 2 3
[L1]int e0/0/1 → port link-type access → port default vlan 2
[L1]int e0/0/2 → port link-type access → port default vlan 3
[L1]int g0/0/1 → port link-type trunk → port trunk allow-pass vlan 2 3 - 路由器R1:
[R1] sys → sysname R1
[R1] int g0/0/1.2 (配置IP地址,划虚拟子接口,2是子接口编号)
[R1] ip address 10.0.2.245 24 (gateway和msk)
[R1] dotlq termination vid 2 (配帧的格式)
[R1] int g0/0/1.3 → ip address 10.0.3.254 24
实验4 VLAN间互访(三层交换机)
- 网管在后层交换机上;
- 三层交换机上创建VLAN虚拟接口(如实验三虚拟子接口) ;
- 三层设备都有路由表:display ip routing-table;
- 端口聚合,扩展带宽:L1和L2再通一根G 将两根套在一起;
- 流程:
-
L1交换机
[L1] sys → sysname L1 → vlan batch 2 3
[L1] int e0/0/1 → port link-type access → port default vlan 2
[L1] int e0/0/2 → port link-type access → port default vlan 3
-
L2交换机(在L1中操作):
[L2] sys → sysname L2 → vlan batch 2 3
[L2] int vlanif 2 → ip address 10.0.2.254 24 → quit (虚拟接口)
[L2] int vlanif 3 → ip address 10.0.3.254 24 → quit (虚拟接口)
[L2] dis ip interface brief (查看详细网关信息)
[L2] int g0/0/1 → port link-type trunk → port trunk allow-pass vlan 2 3
[L2] quit → save (save必须退出系统模式,在用户模式下进行)
[L2] pc1 ping pc2
实验5 静态路由
- 路由器每个接口都是独立的广播域;
- 路由器不能用AR201,配置太低;
- 流程:
第一步 :配置R1/2/3 使彼此连通
[R1]undo t t → sys → sys R1
[R1]int g0/0/0 → ip add 10.0.1.254 24 → dis this
[R1]int g0/0/1 → ip add 10.0.12.1 24 → dis this → save
——
[R2]undo t t → sys → sys R2 →
[R2]int g0/0/1 → ip add 10.0.12.2 24 → dis thi
[R2]int g0/0/2 → ip add 10.0.23.2 24 → dis this → save
——
[R3] undo t t → sys → sys R3 →
[R3] int g0/0/1 → ip add 10.0.23.3 24 → dis this
[R3] int g0/0/2 → ip add 10.0.2.254 24 → dis this → save
第二步:加静态路由,使pc1 ping通pc2
[R1] sys → ip route-static 10.0.2.1 24 10.0.12.2 → dis ip routing-table(看RD就是下一跳)
[R2] sys → ip route-static 10.0.2.1 24 10.0.23.3 → dis ip routing-table
[R3] dis ip routing-table(此时不通)
——
[R3] sys → ip route-static 10.0.1.1 24 10.0.23.2 → dis ip routing-table
[R2] sys → ip route-static 10.0.1.1 24 10.0.12.1 → dis ip routing-table
[R1] dis ip routing-table
实验五副
- 链接
L1:
undo t t → sys → sys L1 → vlan 2 → quit
int e0/0/1 → port link-type access → port default vlan 2
int g0/0/1 → port link-type trunk → port trunk allow-pass vlan 2
L2:
vlan batch 2 100→
int g0/0/1 → port link-type trunk → port trunk allow-pass vlan 2
int g0/0/2 → port link-type trunk → port trunk pvid vlan 100 → port trunk allow-pass vlan 100 → quit
int vlanif 2 → ip address 10.0.1.254 24 → quit (虚拟接口)
int vlanif 100 → ip address 192.168.100.2 24 → quit (虚拟接口)
R1:
undo t t → sys → sys R1 →
int g0/0/2 → ip address 192.168.100.1 24 → quit
int g0/0/1 → ip address 10.0.12.1 24 → quit
R2:
undo t t → sys → sys R2 →
int g0/0/1 → ip address 10.0.12.2 24 → quit
int g0/0/2 → ip address 10.0.23.2 24 → quit
R3:
undo t t → sys → sys R1 →
int g0/0/2 → ip address 10.0.23.3 24 → quit
int g0/0/0 → ip address 192.168.200.1 24 → quit
L4:
vlan batch 3 100→
int g0/0/2 → port link-type trunk → port trunk allow-pass vlan 3
int g0/0/1 → port link-type trunk → port trunk pvid vlan 100 → port trunk allow-pass vlan 100 → quit
int vlanif 3 → ip address 10.0.2.254 24 → quit (虚拟接口)
int vlanif 200 → ip address 192.168.200.2 24 → quit (虚拟接口)
L3:
undo t t → sys → sys L3 → vlan 3 → quit
int e0/0/1 → port link-type access → port default vlan 3
int g0/0/1 → port link-type trunk → port trunk allow-pass vlan 3 - 静态路由
L2:
display ip routing-table → ip route-static 10.0.2.1 24 192.168.100.1
R1: ip route-static 10.0.2.1 24 10.0.12.2
R2: ip route-static 10.0.2.1 24 10.0.23.3
R3: ip route-static 10.0.2.1 24 192.168.200.2 - 静态路由回包:
L4: ip route-static 10.0.1.0 24 192.168.200.1
R3: ip route-static 10.0.1.0 24 10.0.23.2
R2: ip route-static 10.0.1.0 24 10.0.12.1
R1: ip route-static 10.0.1.0 24 192.168.100.2
实验6 动态路由rip
- 内部网关协议:rip、ospf、isis
外部网关协议:BGP - 最大跳数15跳,即15台路由器;只能进行组类宣告(A/B/C三类ip地址)
- 流程:
[R1]int e0/0/0 → ip add 10.0.1.254 24 int g0/0/0 → ip add 12.1.1.1 24
[R2]int g0/0/0 → ip add 12.1.1.2 24 int g0/0/1 → ip add 23.1.1.2 24
[R3]int g0/0/1 → ip add 23.1.1.3 24 int e0/0/0 → ip add 10.0.2.254 24
[R1]rip 1 → version 2 → network 10.0.0.0 → 12.0.0.0(把直连网段宣告出去)
[R2]rip 1 → version 2 → network 12.0.0.0 → 23.0.0.0
[R3]rip 1 → version 2 → network 23.0.0.0 → 10.0.0.0
实验7 ospf
- 环回接口:虚拟接口
- ospf:可以划分多个区域area
- dis ospf peer brief(查看邻接关系)/reset ospf process(重置)/undo ospf 1(删除)
- 流程:
[R1]ospf 1 router-id 1.1.1.1 → area 0 → network 10.0.1.0 0.0.0.255 → network 12.1.1.0 0.0.0.255
[R2]ospf 1 router-id 2.2.2.2 → area 0 → network 12.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 → network 23.1.1.0 0.0.0.255
[R3]ospf 1 router-id 3.3.3.3 → area 0 → network 23.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 → network 10.0.2.0 0.0.0.255
实验八 综合实验(考试)
- 链接
L1:
undo t t → sys → sys L1 → vlan 2 → quit
int e0/0/1 → port link-type access → port default vlan 2
int g0/0/1 → port link-type trunk → port trunk allow-pass vlan 2
L2:
undo t t → sys → sys L2 → vlan batch 2 100→
int g0/0/1 → port link-type trunk → port trunk allow-pass vlan 2
int g0/0/2 → port link-type access → port default vlan 100 → quit
int vlanif 2 → ip address 10.0.1.254 24 → quit (虚拟接口)
int vlanif 100 → ip address 192.168.100.2 24 → quit (虚拟接口)
dis ip int brief
R1:
undo t t → sys → sys R1 →
int g0/0/2 → ip address 192.168.100.1 24 → quit
int g0/0/1 → ip address 10.0.12.1 24 → quit
R2:
undo t t → sys → sys R2 →
int g0/0/1 → ip address 10.0.12.2 24 → quit
int g0/0/2 → ip address 10.0.23.2 24 → quit
R3:
undo t t → sys → sys R3 →
int g0/0/2 → ip address 10.0.23.3 24 → quit
int g0/0/0 → ip address 192.168.200.1 24 → quit
L4:
undo t t → sys → sys L4 →
vlan batch 3 200→
int g0/0/2 → port link-type access → port default vlan 200 → quit
int g0/0/1 → port link-type trunk → port trunk allow-pass vlan 3
int vlanif 3 → ip address 10.0.2.254 24 → quit (虚拟接口)
int vlanif 200 → ip address 192.168.200.2 24 → quit (虚拟接口)
L3:
undo t t → sys → sys L3 → vlan 3 → quit
int e0/0/1 → port link-type access → port default vlan 3
int g0/0/1 → port link-type trunk → port trunk allow-pass vlan 3
pc1:ping 10.0.1.254
pc2:ping 10.0.2.254
L2:ping 192.168.100.1
L4:ping 192.168.200.1
R2:ping 10.0.12.1 /ping 10.0.23.3
-
ospf
[R1]ospf 1 router-id 1.1.1.1 → area 0 → network 192.168.100.0 0.0.0.255
[L2]ospf 1 router-id 2.2.2.2 → area 0 → network 192.168.100.0 0.0.0.255 → network 10.0.1.0 0.0.0.255
[R3]ospf 1 router-id 3.3.3.3 → area 0 → network 192.168.200.0 0.0.0.255 → network 10.0.2.0 0.0.0.255
[L4]ospf 1 → area 0 → network 192.168.200.0 0.0.0.255 → network 10.0.2.0 0.0.0.255
dis ospf peer brief(查看邻接关系)/reset ospf process(重置)/undo ospf 1(删除)
-
3R之间静态连接
[L2]ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.100.1(缺省路由)
[L4]ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.200.1(缺省路由)
[R1]ip route-static 10.0.2.1 24 10.0.12.2
[R2]ip route-static 10.0.2.1 24 10.0.23.3
[R3]ip route-static 10.0.1.1 24 10.0.23.2
[R2]ip route-static 10.0.1.1 24 10.0.12.1
PC1 ping PC2 通
实验九 DHCP
[L1] undo t t → sys → sys L1
[L1] int g0/0/2 → port link-type access → port default vlan 56
[L1] int g0/0/3 → port link-type access → port default vlan 56
[L1] int g0/0/1 → port link-type access → port default vlan 56
[L1] int vlanif 56 → ip add 192.168.56.254 24 → quit
[L1] ping 192.168.56.1 和 ping 192.168.56.2(不通将防火墙关闭)
实验九 DHCP(2)
[L1] int g0/0/2(基于上次实验更改)
[L1] undo port default vlan
[L1] port link-type trunk → port trunk allow-pass vlan 56 → quit
[L1]vlan batch 10 20
[L1] int vlanif 10 → ip add 192.168.10.254 24
[L1] int vlanif 20 → ip add 192.168.20.254 24
[L1] quit → display ip int brief
[L1]int g0/0/2 → port trunk allow-pass vlan 10 20 → dis this
[L2]undo t t → sys → sys L2
[L2]vlan batch 10 20
[L2]int g0/0/1 → port link-type trunck → port trunck allow-pass vlan 10 20
[L2]dis this
[L2]int e0/0/1 → port link-type access → port default vlan 10
[L2]int e0/0/2 → port link-type access → vport default vlan 20
[L1]dhcp enable → dhcp server group dhcptest
[L1-dhcp-server-group-dhcptest] dhcp-server 192.168.56.2 1dis this→quit →dis cu
[L1]int vlanif 10 → dhcp select relay → dhcp relay server-select dhcptest → quit
[L1]int vlanif 20 →dhcp select relay → dhcp relay server-ip 192.168.56.2→ quit
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