使用yolo v3 等目标检测模型训练自己数据集，预测图片时出现问题： 两框重叠，如下图所示：对于同样一辆汽车，模型反复的标记。
解决办法就是：非极大值抑制(Non-Maximum Suppression)
非极大值抑制，简称为NMS算法，英文为Non-Maximum Suppression。其思想是搜素局部最大值，抑制极大值。NMS算法在不同应用中的具体实现不太一样，但思想是一样的。非极大值抑制，在计算机视觉任务中得到了广泛的应用，例如边缘检测、人脸检测、目标检测（DPM，YOLO，SSD，Faster R-CNN）等。
以目标检测为例：目标检测的过程中在同一目标的位置上会产生大量的候选框，这些候选框相互之间可能会有重叠，此时我们需要利用非极大值抑制找到最佳的目标边界框，消除冗余的边界框。Demo如下图：
左图是人脸检测的候选框结果，每个边界框有一个置信度得分(confidence score)，如果不使用非极大值抑制，就会有多个候选框出现。右图是使用非极大值抑制之后的结果，符合我们人脸检测的预期结果。
前提：目标边界框列表及其对应的置信度得分列表，设定阈值，阈值用来删除重叠较大的边界框。
IoU：intersection-over-union，即两个边界框的交集部分除以它们的并集。
非极大值抑制的流程如下：
Python代码如下：
#!/usr/bin/env python
# _*_ coding: utf-8 _*_
import cv2
import numpy as np
"""
Non-max Suppression Algorithm
@param list Object candidate bounding boxes
@param list Confidence score of bounding boxes
@param float IoU threshold
@return Rest boxes after nms operation
"""
def nms(bounding_boxes, confidence_score, threshold):
# If no bounding boxes, return empty list
if len(bounding_boxes) == 0:
return [], []
# Bounding boxes
boxes = np.array(bounding_boxes)
# coordinates of bounding boxes
start_x = boxes[:, 0]
start_y = boxes[:, 1]
end_x = boxes[:, 2]
end_y = boxes[:, 3]
# Confidence scores of bounding boxes
score = np.array(confidence_score)
# Picked bounding boxes
picked_boxes = []
picked_score = []
# Compute areas of bounding boxes
areas = (end_x - start_x + 1) * (end_y - start_y + 1)
# Sort by confidence score of bounding boxes
order = np.argsort(score)
# Iterate bounding boxes
while order.size > 0:
# The index of largest confidence score
index = order[-1]
# Pick the bounding box with largest confidence score
picked_boxes.append(bounding_boxes[index])
picked_score.append(confidence_score[index])
# Compute ordinates of intersection-over-union(IOU)
x1 = np.maximum(start_x[index], start_x[order[:-1]])
x2 = np.minimum(end_x[index], end_x[order[:-1]])
y1 = np.maximum(start_y[index], start_y[order[:-1]])
y2 = np.minimum(end_y[index], end_y[order[:-1]])
# Compute areas of intersection-over-union
w = np.maximum(0.0, x2 - x1 + 1)
h = np.maximum(0.0, y2 - y1 + 1)
intersection = w * h
# Compute the ratio between intersection and union
ratio = intersection / (areas[index] + areas[order[:-1]] - intersection)
left = np.where(ratio < threshold)
order = order[left]
return picked_boxes, picked_score
# Image name
image_name = 'nms.jpg'
# Bounding boxes
bounding_boxes = [(187, 82, 337, 317), (150, 67, 305, 282), (246, 121, 368, 304)]
confidence_score = [0.9, 0.75, 0.8]
# Read image
image = cv2.imread(image_name)
# Copy image as original
org = image.copy()
# Draw parameters
font = cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX
font_scale = 1
thickness = 2
# IoU threshold
threshold = 0.4
# Draw bounding boxes and confidence score
for (start_x, start_y, end_x, end_y), confidence in zip(bounding_boxes, confidence_score):
(w, h), baseline = cv2.getTextSize(str(confidence), font, font_scale, thickness)
cv2.rectangle(org, (start_x, start_y - (2 * baseline + 5)), (start_x + w, start_y), (0, 255, 255), -1)
cv2.rectangle(org, (start_x, start_y), (end_x, end_y), (0, 255, 255), 2)
cv2.putText(org, str(confidence), (start_x, start_y), font, font_scale, (0, 0, 0), thickness)
# Run non-max suppression algorithm
picked_boxes, picked_score = nms(bounding_boxes, confidence_score, threshold)
# Draw bounding boxes and confidence score after non-maximum supression
for (start_x, start_y, end_x, end_y), confidence in zip(picked_boxes, picked_score):
(w, h), baseline = cv2.getTextSize(str(confidence), font, font_scale, thickness)
cv2.rectangle(image, (start_x, start_y - (2 * baseline + 5)), (start_x + w, start_y), (0, 255, 255), -1)
cv2.rectangle(image, (start_x, start_y), (end_x, end_y), (0, 255, 255), 2)
cv2.putText(image, str(confidence), (start_x, start_y), font, font_scale, (0, 0, 0), thickness)
# Show image
cv2.imshow('Original', org)
cv2.imshow('NMS', image)
cv2.waitKey(0)
具体解决办法就是减小 IoU threshold （IoU 阈值）
IoU阈值为0.6的时候：
IoU阈值为0.4的时候：