我正在尝试使用 matplotlib 绘制一个像这样的球体：
但我找不到一种在背面有虚线的方法，而且垂直周长看起来有点奇怪
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(12,12), dpi=300)
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')
ax.set_aspect('equal')
u = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 100)
v = np.linspace(0, np.pi, 100)
x = 1 * np.outer(np.cos(u), np.sin(v))
y = 1 * np.outer(np.sin(u), np.sin(v))
z = 1 * np.outer(np.ones(np.size(u)), np.cos(v))
#for i in range(2):
# ax.plot_surface(x+random.randint(-5,5), y+random.randint(-5,5), z+random.randint(-5,5), rstride=4, cstride=4, color='b', linewidth=0, alpha=0.5)
ax.plot_surface(x, y, z, rstride=4, cstride=4, color='b', linewidth=0, alpha=0.5)
ax.plot(np.sin(theta),np.cos(u),0,color='k')
ax.plot([0]*100,np.sin(theta),np.cos(u),color='k')
在您展示的示例中，我认为这些圆不能彼此垂直（即一个是赤道，一个穿过北极和南极）。如果水平圆是赤道，那么北极一定位于穿过表示球体的黄色圆中心绘制的垂直线上的某个位置。否则，赤道右侧看起来会比左侧更高或更低。然而，代表极圈的椭圆仅穿过黄圈顶部和底部的中心线。因此，北极位于球体的顶部，这意味着我们必须直视赤道，这意味着它应该看起来像一条线，而不是椭圆形。
这里有一些代码可以重现与您发布的图类似的内容：
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')
ax.set_aspect('equal')
u = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 100)
v = np.linspace(0, np.pi, 100)
x = 1 * np.outer(np.cos(u), np.sin(v))
y = 1 * np.outer(np.sin(u), np.sin(v))
z = 1 * np.outer(np.ones(np.size(u)), np.cos(v))
#for i in range(2):
# ax.plot_surface(x+random.randint(-5,5), y+random.randint(-5,5), z+random.randint(-5,5), rstride=4, cstride=4, color='b', linewidth=0, alpha=0.5)
elev = 10.0
rot = 80.0 / 180 * np.pi
ax.plot_surface(x, y, z, rstride=4, cstride=4, color='b', linewidth=0, alpha=0.5)
#calculate vectors for "vertical" circle
a = np.array([-np.sin(elev / 180 * np.pi), 0, np.cos(elev / 180 * np.pi)])
b = np.array([0, 1, 0])
b = b * np.cos(rot) + np.cross(a, b) * np.sin(rot) + a * np.dot(a, b) * (1 - np.cos(rot))
ax.plot(np.sin(u),np.cos(u),0,color='k', linestyle = 'dashed')
horiz_front = np.linspace(0, np.pi, 100)
ax.plot(np.sin(horiz_front),np.cos(horiz_front),0,color='k')
vert_front = np.linspace(np.pi / 2, 3 * np.pi / 2, 100)
ax.plot(a[0] * np.sin(u) + b[0] * np.cos(u), b[1] * np.cos(u), a[2] * np.sin(u) + b[2] * np.cos(u),color='k', linestyle = 'dashed')
ax.plot(a[0] * np.sin(vert_front) + b[0] * np.cos(vert_front), b[1] * np.cos(vert_front), a[2] * np.sin(vert_front) + b[2] * np.cos(vert_front),color='k')
ax.view_init(elev = elev, azim = 0)
plt.show()
