sqlalchemy：类型错误：创建实例的不可散列类型，sqlalchemy

我在尝试更新代码时遇到错误：https://github.com/thrisp/flask-security https://github.com/thrisp/flask-security从Python 2.7到3.3

给出以下最基本的实例

test.py:

from flask import Flask
from flask.ext.sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
from flask.ext.security import Security, UserMixin, RoleMixin, \
     SQLAlchemyUserDatastore

app = Flask(__name__)
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'sqlite://'

db = SQLAlchemy(app)
db.drop_all()

roles_users = db.Table('roles_users',
        db.Column('user_id', db.Integer(), db.ForeignKey('user.id')),
        db.Column('role_id', db.Integer(), db.ForeignKey('role.id')))

class Role(db.Model, RoleMixin):
        id = db.Column(db.Integer(), primary_key=True)
        name = db.Column(db.String(80), unique=True)
        description = db.Column(db.String(255))

class User(db.Model, UserMixin):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = db.Column(db.String(255), unique=True)
    password = db.Column(db.String(255))
    last_login_at = db.Column(db.DateTime())
    current_login_at = db.Column(db.DateTime())
    last_login_ip = db.Column(db.String(100))
    current_login_ip = db.Column(db.String(100))
    login_count = db.Column(db.Integer)
    active = db.Column(db.Boolean())
    confirmed_at = db.Column(db.DateTime())
    roles = db.relationship('Role', secondary=roles_users,
                            backref=db.backref('users', lazy='dynamic'))


db.create_all()
app.security = Security(app, datastore=SQLAlchemyUserDatastore(db, User, Role))
ds = app.extensions['security'].datastore

def create_roles():
    for role in ('admin', 'editor', 'author'):
        ds.create_role(name=role)
    ds.commit()

create_roles()

def create_users(count=None):
    users = [('[email protected] /cdn-cgi/l/email-protection', 'password', ['admin'], True),
             ('[email protected] /cdn-cgi/l/email-protection', 'password', ['editor'], True),
             ('[email protected] /cdn-cgi/l/email-protection', 'password', ['admin', 'editor'], True),
             ('[email protected] /cdn-cgi/l/email-protection', 'password', ['author'], True),
             ('[email protected] /cdn-cgi/l/email-protection', 'password', [], False)]
    count = count or len(users)

    for u in users[:count]:
        pw = u[1]
        ds.create_user(email=u[0], password=pw,
                       roles=u[2], active=u[3])
    ds.commit()

create_users(1)

结果出现错误：

Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test.py", line 62, in <module>
create_users(1)
File "test.py", line 59, in create_users
roles=u[2], active=u[3])
File "/media/lxch/686e26f8-c6d4-4448-8fe4-c19802726dcb/projects/current/public/flask-security/flask_security/datastore.py", line 164, in create_user
user = self.user_model(**self._prepare_create_user_args(**kwargs))
File "<string>", line 4, in __init__
File "/home/lxch/.virtualenvs/p3/lib/python3.3/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/state.py", line 200, in _initialize_instance
return manager.original_init(*mixed[1:], **kwargs)
File "/home/lxch/.virtualenvs/p3/lib/python3.3/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/base.py", line 425, in _declarative_constructor
setattr(self, k, kwargs[k])
File "/home/lxch/.virtualenvs/p3/lib/python3.3/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/attributes.py", line 303, in __set__
instance_dict(instance), value, None)
File "/home/lxch/.virtualenvs/p3/lib/python3.3/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/attributes.py", line 1001, in set
lambda adapter, i: adapter.adapt_like_to_iterable(i))
File "/home/lxch/.virtualenvs/p3/lib/python3.3/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/attributes.py", line 1036, in _set_iterable
collections.bulk_replace(new_values, old_collection, new_collection)
File "/home/lxch/.virtualenvs/p3/lib/python3.3/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/collections.py", line 803, in bulk_replace
constants = existing_idset.intersection(values or ())
File "/home/lxch/.virtualenvs/p3/lib/python3.3/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/_collections.py", line 558, in intersection
result._members.update(self._working_set(members).intersection(other))
TypeError: unhashable type: 'Role'

我正在努力理解为什么以及到底是什么：

类型错误：不可散列的类型：“角色”

任何见解表示赞赏。

这里讨论了类似的问题：修改 SqlAlchemy 模型时出现 Unhashable 类型错误 https://stackoverflow.com/questions/21315633/unhashable-type-error-when-modifying-sqlalchemy-models

一个解决方案（或至少是解决方法）是定义一个hash您的角色类中的函数，如下所示：

def __hash__(self):
    return hash(self.name)