JPA - 事务未提交

我正在开发一个项目，在该项目中我第一次使用 JPA、Hibernate 和所有这些东西，但我遇到了事务未提交的问题。我使用类 User ，如下所示：

 package org.tomasherman.JBTBackup.Resource.Entity;

import javax.persistence.*;
import java.io.Serializable;



@Entity
@Table(name = "users")
public class User implements Serializable {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue
    private int id;

    private String login;
    private String email;
    private String password;
    private int credit;

    public User() {
    }

    public User(String login, String email, String password, int credit) {
        setLogin(login);
        setEmail(email);
        setPassword(password);
        setCredit(credit);
    }

    public int getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(int id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public String getLogin() {
        return login;
    }

    public void setLogin(String login) {
        this.login = login;
    }

    public String getEmail() {
        return email;
    }

    public void setEmail(String email) {
        this.email = email;
    }

    public String getPassword() {
        return password;
    }

    public void setPassword(String password) {
        this.password = password;
    }

    public int getCredit() {
        return credit;
    }

    public void setCredit(int credit) {
        this.credit = credit;
    }
}

并使用HSQL数据库将其保存在MEMORY表中。 persistence.xml 文件如下所示：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<persistence-unit name="JBTBackupPersistance">
    <provider>org.hibernate.ejb.HibernatePersistence</provider>
    <class>org.tomasherman.JBTBackup.Resource.Entity.User</class>
    <properties>
        <property name="hibernate.connection.url" value="jdbc:hsqldb:file:./database/database.hsql"/>
        <property name="hibernate.dialect" value="org.hibernate.dialect.HSQLDialect"/>
        <property name="hibernate.connection.driver_class" value="org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver"/>
        <property name="hibernate.connection.username" value="SA"/> <!--default hsql login-->
        <property name="hibernate.connection.password" value=""/>
        <property name="hibernate.archive.autodetection" value="class"/>
        <property name="hibernate.show_sql" value="true"/>
        <property name="hibernate.format_sql" value="true"/>
        <property name="connection.shutdown" value="true"/>
    </properties>
</persistence-unit>

并在 JUnit 测试中对其进行测试，如下所示：

package org.tomasherman.JBTBackup.Resource.Entity;

import org.junit.After;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;

import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;

/**
 * Created by IntelliJ IDEA.
 * User: arg
 * Date: Jun 29, 2010
 * Time: 11:24:35 PM
 * To change this template use File | Settings | File Templates.
 */

public class UserTest {
    private EntityManagerFactory emf;
    private EntityManager em;

    private final User u1 = new User("and","now","for",1234);
    private final User u2 = new User("something","completely","different",123123123);
    private final User u3 = new User("a","man","with",123123123);

    @Before
    public void initEmfAndEm() {
        emf = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory("JBTBackupPersistance");
        em = emf.createEntityManager();
    }

    @After
    public void cleanup() {
        em.close();
    }

    @Test
    public void emptyTest() {
        System.out.println(em.createQuery("from User").getResultList().size());
        if(em.getTransaction().isActive()){
            System.out.println("FFfffffffffFFFFUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU");
            System.out.println("FFfffffffffFFFFUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU");
            System.out.println("FFfffffffffFFFFUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU");
            System.out.println("FFfffffffffFFFFUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU");
            System.out.println("FFfffffffffFFFFUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU");
        }else{
            em.getTransaction().begin();
            em.persist(u1);
            em.persist(u2);
            em.persist(u3);         
        em.getTransaction().commit();
        }
        System.out.println(em.createQuery("from User").getResultList().size());

    }
}

现在的问题是插入通常没有写入数据库。测试的输出如下所示：

    ...some hibernate stuff...
Hibernate: 
    select
        user0_.id as id0_,
        user0_.credit as credit0_,
        user0_.email as email0_,
        user0_.login as login0_,
        user0_.password as password0_ 
    from
        users user0_
20
Hibernate: 
    insert 
    into
        users
        (id, credit, email, login, password) 
    values
        (null, ?, ?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: 
    insert 
    into
        users
        (id, credit, email, login, password) 
    values
        (null, ?, ?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: 
    insert 
    into
        users
        (id, credit, email, login, password) 
    values
        (null, ?, ?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: 
    select
        user0_.id as id0_,
        user0_.credit as credit0_,
        user0_.email as email0_,
        user0_.login as login0_,
        user0_.password as password0_ 
    from
        users user0_
23

所以实体位于数据库的内存中，但是当我在单元测试后检查数据库时，没有数据。然而，它有时会被承诺。

如果有人能帮助我，那就太好了。

编辑： 如果它对任何人有帮助，有一个库版本列表（maven 格式）：

<dependency>
      <groupId>javax.transaction</groupId>
      <artifactId>jta</artifactId>
      <version>1.1</version>
  </dependency>
  <dependency>
      <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
      <artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
      <version>1.6.0</version>
  </dependency>
  <dependency>
      <groupId>commons-collections</groupId>
      <artifactId>commons-collections</artifactId>
      <version>20040616</version>
  </dependency>
  <dependency>
      <groupId>org.hsqldb</groupId>
      <artifactId>hsqldb</artifactId>
      <version>2.0.0</version>
  </dependency>
  <dependency>
      <groupId>hibernate</groupId>
      <artifactId>hibernate-entitymanager</artifactId>
      <version>3.4.0.GA</version>
  </dependency>
  <dependency>
      <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
      <artifactId>slf4j-simple</artifactId>
      <version>1.6.0</version>
  </dependency>
  <dependency>
      <groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
      <artifactId>hibernate-search</artifactId>
      <version>3.1.0.GA</version>
  </dependency>
  <dependency>
      <groupId>hibernate</groupId>
      <artifactId>hibernate</artifactId>
      <version>3.0.5</version>
  </dependency>
  <dependency>
      <groupId>javax.persistence</groupId>
      <artifactId>persistence-api</artifactId>
      <version>1.0</version>
  </dependency>

更新2： 另一个有趣的事情，似乎如果我添加 Thread.sleep(1000);测试结束时，所有事务都会提交。难道程序完成得比数据库更新得更快吗？

根据 HSQLDB 用户指南：

关闭数据库 http://hsqldb.sourceforge.net/doc/guide/ch01.html#N101DB

从版本 1.7.2 开始，正在进行中 数据库不再关闭时 与数据库的最后一个连接是 通过 JDBC 显式关闭 [和数据 未写入磁盘]，显式SHUTDOWN需要命令 [in 为了保持数据持久性]。在 1.8.0，连接属性，shutdown=true，可以指定为 第一次连接数据库 （打开的连接 数据库）强制关闭时 最后一个连接关闭。

所以要么发送那个SHUTDOWN通过本机查询或添加命令;shutdown=true到连接字符串：

jdbc:hsqldb:file:./database/database.hsql;shutdown=true

关于以下问题write_delay，不，将其设置为0不会在单元测试环境中引起问题（它“只是”对性能产生影响）。其实我本来很期待shutdown=true正如文档中提到的那样就足够了：

应用程序开发和测试 http://hsqldb.org/doc/2.0/guide/deployment-chapt.html#N13691

...

如果您不想运行服务器 实例，你需要坚持 在不同流程的测试之间， 那么你应该使用file:数据库。您可以使用shutdown=true连接属性到 确保数据库完全持久化 连接关闭后。一个 另一种选择是使用hsqldb.write_delay=false联系 属性，但这稍微慢一些 比其他选项。

有报道称，一些数据 访问框架不会关闭所有 之后他们与数据库的连接 测试。在这种情况下，你 如果您需要使用零写入延迟 希望数据在结束时持续存在 测试

但我猜你面临的是第二段描述的情况。我想知道数据访问层是否真的有罪。