我试图想出一种优雅的方法来处理一些生成的多项式。对于这个问题，我们将（专门）关注以下情况：

1. order是生成的参数n三阶多项式，其中 n:=order + 1。
2. i是 0..n 范围内的整数参数
3. 多项式在 x_j 处有零点，其中 j = 1..n 且 j ≠ i（此时应该很清楚 StackOverflow 需要一个新功能，或者它已经存在但我不知道）
4. 多项式在 x_i 处的计算结果为 1。

由于这个特定的代码示例生成 x_1 .. x_n，我将解释如何在代码中找到它们。点间隔均匀x_j = j * elementSize / order分开，在哪里n = order + 1.

我生成一个Func<double, double>来评估这个多项式。

private static Func<double, double> GeneratePsi(double elementSize, int order, int i)
{
    if (order < 1)
        throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("order", "order must be greater than 0.");

    if (i < 0)
        throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("i", "i cannot be less than zero.");
    if (i > order)
        throw new ArgumentException("i", "i cannot be greater than order");

    ParameterExpression xp = Expression.Parameter(typeof(double), "x");

    // generate the terms of the factored polynomial in form (x_j - x)
    List<Expression> factors = new List<Expression>();
    for (int j = 0; j <= order; j++)
    {
        if (j == i)
            continue;

        double p = j * elementSize / order;
        factors.Add(Expression.Subtract(Expression.Constant(p), xp));
    }

    // evaluate the result at the point x_i to get scaleInv=1.0/scale.
    double xi = i * elementSize / order;
    double scaleInv = Enumerable.Range(0, order + 1).Aggregate(0.0, (product, j) => product * (j == i ? 1.0 : (j * elementSize / order - xi)));

    /* generate an expression to evaluate
     *   (x_0 - x) * (x_1 - x) .. (x_n - x) / (x_i - x)
     * obviously the term (x_i - x) is cancelled in this result, but included here to make the result clear
     */
    Expression expr = factors.Skip(1).Aggregate(factors[0], Expression.Multiply);
    // multiplying by scale forces the condition f(x_i)=1
    expr = Expression.Multiply(Expression.Constant(1.0 / scaleInv), expr);

    Expression<Func<double, double>> lambdaMethod = Expression.Lambda<Func<double, double>>(expr, xp);
    return lambdaMethod.Compile();
}

问题：我还需要评估 ψ′=dψ/dx。为此，我可以将 ψ=scale×(x_0 - x)(x_1 - x)×..×(x_n - x)/(x_i - x) 重写为 ψ=α_n×x^n + α_n×x 的形式^(n-1) + .. + α_1×x + α_0。这给出 ψ′=n×α_n×x^(n-1) + (n-1)×α_n×x^(n-2) + .. + 1×α_1。

出于计算原因，我们可以重写最终答案，而无需调用Math.Pow写成 ψ′=x×(x×(x×(..) - β_2) - β_1) - β_0。

为了完成所有这些“技巧”（所有非常基本的代数），我需要一种干净的方法来：

1. 展开因式分解Expression含有ConstantExpression and ParameterExpression叶子和基本数学运算（最终要么BinaryExpression与NodeType设置为操作） - 这里的结果可以包括InvocationExpression元素到MethodInfo for Math.Pow我们将在整个过程中以特殊方式处理。
2. 然后我对某些指定的导数进行求导ParameterExpression。结果中的术语，其中调用的右侧参数Math.Pow常数 2 被替换为ConstantExpression(2)乘以左边的值（调用Math.Pow(x,1)已移除）。结果中因相对于 x 为常数而变为零的项将被删除。
3. 然后分解出一些特定的实例ParameterExpression它们作为调用的左侧参数出现Math.Pow。当调用的右侧变为ConstantExpression与价值1，我们将调用替换为ParameterExpression itself.

¹ 将来，我想要一种方法ParameterExpression并返回一个Expression根据该参数进行评估。这样我就可以聚合生成的函数。我还没到那儿。 ² 将来，我希望发布一个通用库，用于将 LINQ 表达式用作符号数学。

我使用以下代码编写了几个符号数学功能的基础知识表达访问者 http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.linq.expressions.expressionvisitor(VS.100).aspx输入.NET 4。它并不完美，但它看起来像是可行解决方案的基础。

• Symbolic是一个公共静态类，公开类似的方法Expand, Simplify, and PartialDerivative
• ExpandVisitor是扩展表达式的内部辅助类型
• SimplifyVisitor是简化表达式的内部辅助类型
• DerivativeVisitor是一个内部辅助类型，它采用表达式的导数
• ListPrintVisitor是一个内部辅助类型，它转换Expression到 Lisp 语法的前缀表示法

Symbolic

public static class Symbolic
{
    public static Expression Expand(Expression expression)
    {
        return new ExpandVisitor().Visit(expression);
    }

    public static Expression Simplify(Expression expression)
    {
        return new SimplifyVisitor().Visit(expression);
    }

    public static Expression PartialDerivative(Expression expression, ParameterExpression parameter)
    {
        bool totalDerivative = false;
        return new DerivativeVisitor(parameter, totalDerivative).Visit(expression);
    }

    public static string ToString(Expression expression)
    {
        ConstantExpression result = (ConstantExpression)new ListPrintVisitor().Visit(expression);
        return result.Value.ToString();
    }
}

扩展表达式ExpandVisitor

internal class ExpandVisitor : ExpressionVisitor
{
    protected override Expression VisitBinary(BinaryExpression node)
    {
        var left = Visit(node.Left);
        var right = Visit(node.Right);

        if (node.NodeType == ExpressionType.Multiply)
        {
            Expression[] leftNodes = GetAddedNodes(left).ToArray();
            Expression[] rightNodes = GetAddedNodes(right).ToArray();
            var result =
                leftNodes
                .SelectMany(x => rightNodes.Select(y => Expression.Multiply(x, y)))
                .Aggregate((sum, term) => Expression.Add(sum, term));

            return result;
        }

        if (node.Left == left && node.Right == right)
            return node;

        return Expression.MakeBinary(node.NodeType, left, right, node.IsLiftedToNull, node.Method, node.Conversion);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Treats the <paramref name="node"/> as the sum (or difference) of one or more child nodes and returns the
    /// the individual addends in the sum.
    /// </summary>
    private static IEnumerable<Expression> GetAddedNodes(Expression node)
    {
        BinaryExpression binary = node as BinaryExpression;
        if (binary != null)
        {
            switch (binary.NodeType)
            {
            case ExpressionType.Add:
                foreach (var n in GetAddedNodes(binary.Left))
                    yield return n;

                foreach (var n in GetAddedNodes(binary.Right))
                    yield return n;

                yield break;

            case ExpressionType.Subtract:
                foreach (var n in GetAddedNodes(binary.Left))
                    yield return n;

                foreach (var n in GetAddedNodes(binary.Right))
                    yield return Expression.Negate(n);

                yield break;

            default:
                break;
            }
        }

        yield return node;
    }
}

求导数DerivativeVisitor

internal class DerivativeVisitor : ExpressionVisitor
{
    private ParameterExpression _parameter;
    private bool _totalDerivative;

    public DerivativeVisitor(ParameterExpression parameter, bool totalDerivative)
    {
        if (_totalDerivative)
            throw new NotImplementedException();

        _parameter = parameter;
        _totalDerivative = totalDerivative;
    }

    protected override Expression VisitBinary(BinaryExpression node)
    {
        switch (node.NodeType)
        {
        case ExpressionType.Add:
        case ExpressionType.Subtract:
            return Expression.MakeBinary(node.NodeType, Visit(node.Left), Visit(node.Right));

        case ExpressionType.Multiply:
            return Expression.Add(Expression.Multiply(node.Left, Visit(node.Right)), Expression.Multiply(Visit(node.Left), node.Right));

        case ExpressionType.Divide:
            return Expression.Divide(Expression.Subtract(Expression.Multiply(Visit(node.Left), node.Right), Expression.Multiply(node.Left, Visit(node.Right))), Expression.Power(node.Right, Expression.Constant(2)));

        case ExpressionType.Power:
            if (node.Right is ConstantExpression)
            {
                return Expression.Multiply(node.Right, Expression.Multiply(Visit(node.Left), Expression.Subtract(node.Right, Expression.Constant(1))));
            }
            else if (node.Left is ConstantExpression)
            {
                return Expression.Multiply(node, MathExpressions.Log(node.Left));
            }
            else
            {
                return Expression.Multiply(node, Expression.Add(
                    Expression.Multiply(Visit(node.Left), Expression.Divide(node.Right, node.Left)),
                    Expression.Multiply(Visit(node.Right), MathExpressions.Log(node.Left))
                    ));
            }

        default:
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }
    }

    protected override Expression VisitConstant(ConstantExpression node)
    {
        return MathExpressions.Zero;
    }

    protected override Expression VisitInvocation(InvocationExpression node)
    {
        MemberExpression memberExpression = node.Expression as MemberExpression;
        if (memberExpression != null)
        {
            var member = memberExpression.Member;
            if (member.DeclaringType != typeof(Math))
                throw new NotImplementedException();

            switch (member.Name)
            {
            case "Log":
                return Expression.Divide(Visit(node.Expression), node.Expression);

            case "Log10":
                return Expression.Divide(Visit(node.Expression), Expression.Multiply(Expression.Constant(Math.Log(10)), node.Expression));

            case "Exp":
            case "Sin":
            case "Cos":
            default:
                throw new NotImplementedException();
            }
        }

        throw new NotImplementedException();
    }

    protected override Expression VisitParameter(ParameterExpression node)
    {
        if (node == _parameter)
            return MathExpressions.One;

        return MathExpressions.Zero;
    }
}

简化表达式SimplifyVisitor

internal class SimplifyVisitor : ExpressionVisitor
{
    protected override Expression VisitBinary(BinaryExpression node)
    {
        var left = Visit(node.Left);
        var right = Visit(node.Right);

        ConstantExpression leftConstant = left as ConstantExpression;
        ConstantExpression rightConstant = right as ConstantExpression;
        if (leftConstant != null && rightConstant != null
            && (leftConstant.Value is double) && (rightConstant.Value is double))
        {
            double leftValue = (double)leftConstant.Value;
            double rightValue = (double)rightConstant.Value;

            switch (node.NodeType)
            {
            case ExpressionType.Add:
                return Expression.Constant(leftValue + rightValue);
            case ExpressionType.Subtract:
                return Expression.Constant(leftValue - rightValue);
            case ExpressionType.Multiply:
                return Expression.Constant(leftValue * rightValue);
            case ExpressionType.Divide:
                return Expression.Constant(leftValue / rightValue);
            default:
                throw new NotImplementedException();
            }
        }

        switch (node.NodeType)
        {
        case ExpressionType.Add:
            if (IsZero(left))
                return right;
            if (IsZero(right))
                return left;
            break;

        case ExpressionType.Subtract:
            if (IsZero(left))
                return Expression.Negate(right);
            if (IsZero(right))
                return left;
            break;

        case ExpressionType.Multiply:
            if (IsZero(left) || IsZero(right))
                return MathExpressions.Zero;
            if (IsOne(left))
                return right;
            if (IsOne(right))
                return left;
            break;

        case ExpressionType.Divide:
            if (IsZero(right))
                throw new DivideByZeroException();
            if (IsZero(left))
                return MathExpressions.Zero;
            if (IsOne(right))
                return left;
            break;

        default:
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }

        return Expression.MakeBinary(node.NodeType, left, right);
    }

    protected override Expression VisitUnary(UnaryExpression node)
    {
        var operand = Visit(node.Operand);

        ConstantExpression operandConstant = operand as ConstantExpression;
        if (operandConstant != null && (operandConstant.Value is double))
        {
            double operandValue = (double)operandConstant.Value;

            switch (node.NodeType)
            {
            case ExpressionType.Negate:
                if (operandValue == 0.0)
                    return MathExpressions.Zero;

                return Expression.Constant(-operandValue);

            default:
                throw new NotImplementedException();
            }
        }

        switch (node.NodeType)
        {
        case ExpressionType.Negate:
            if (operand.NodeType == ExpressionType.Negate)
            {
                return ((UnaryExpression)operand).Operand;
            }

            break;

        default:
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }

        return Expression.MakeUnary(node.NodeType, operand, node.Type);
    }

    private static bool IsZero(Expression expression)
    {
        ConstantExpression constant = expression as ConstantExpression;
        if (constant != null)
        {
            if (constant.Value.Equals(0.0))
                return true;
        }

        return false;
    }

    private static bool IsOne(Expression expression)
    {
        ConstantExpression constant = expression as ConstantExpression;
        if (constant != null)
        {
            if (constant.Value.Equals(1.0))
                return true;
        }

        return false;
    }
}

设置表达式的显示格式ListPrintVisitor

internal class ListPrintVisitor : ExpressionVisitor
{
    protected override Expression VisitBinary(BinaryExpression node)
    {
        string op = null;

        switch (node.NodeType)
        {
        case ExpressionType.Add:
            op = "+";
            break;
        case ExpressionType.Subtract:
            op = "-";
            break;
        case ExpressionType.Multiply:
            op = "*";
            break;
        case ExpressionType.Divide:
            op = "/";
            break;
        default:
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }

        var left = Visit(node.Left);
        var right = Visit(node.Right);
        string result = string.Format("({0} {1} {2})", op, ((ConstantExpression)left).Value, ((ConstantExpression)right).Value);
        return Expression.Constant(result);
    }

    protected override Expression VisitConstant(ConstantExpression node)
    {
        if (node.Value is string)
            return node;

        return Expression.Constant(node.Value.ToString());
    }

    protected override Expression VisitParameter(ParameterExpression node)
    {
        return Expression.Constant(node.Name);
    }
}

测试结果

[TestMethod]
public void BasicSymbolicTest()
{
    ParameterExpression x = Expression.Parameter(typeof(double), "x");
    Expression linear = Expression.Add(Expression.Constant(3.0), x);
    Assert.AreEqual("(+ 3 x)", Symbolic.ToString(linear));

    Expression quadratic = Expression.Multiply(linear, Expression.Add(Expression.Constant(2.0), x));
    Assert.AreEqual("(* (+ 3 x) (+ 2 x))", Symbolic.ToString(quadratic));

    Expression expanded = Symbolic.Expand(quadratic);
    Assert.AreEqual("(+ (+ (+ (* 3 2) (* 3 x)) (* x 2)) (* x x))", Symbolic.ToString(expanded));
    Assert.AreEqual("(+ (+ (+ 6 (* 3 x)) (* x 2)) (* x x))", Symbolic.ToString(Symbolic.Simplify(expanded)));

    Expression derivative = Symbolic.PartialDerivative(expanded, x);
    Assert.AreEqual("(+ (+ (+ (+ (* 3 0) (* 0 2)) (+ (* 3 1) (* 0 x))) (+ (* x 0) (* 1 2))) (+ (* x 1) (* 1 x)))", Symbolic.ToString(derivative));

    Expression simplified = Symbolic.Simplify(derivative);
    Assert.AreEqual("(+ 5 (+ x x))", Symbolic.ToString(simplified));
}