这是 Clojure 中插入排序的代码：

(defn in-sort! [data]
  (letfn [(insert ([raw x](insert [] raw x))
          ([sorted [y & raw] x]
             (if (nil? y) (conj sorted x)
             (if (<= x y ) (concat sorted [x,y] raw)
                 (recur (conj sorted y)  raw x )))))]   
    (reduce insert [] data)))
;Usage:(in-sort! [6,8,5,9,3,2,1,4,7])
;Returns: [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]

This is 插入排序被表述为幺半群 https://stackoverflow.com/questions/21877572/can-you-formulate-the-bubble-sort-as-a-monoid-or-semigroup在哈斯克尔：

newtype OL x = OL [x]
instance Ord x => Monoid (OL x) where
  mempty = OL []
  mappend (OL xs) (OL ys) = OL (merge xs ys) where
    merge [] ys = ys
    merge xs [] = xs
    merge xs@(x : xs') ys@(y : ys')
       | x <= y = x : merge xs' ys
       | otherwise = y : merge xs ys'

isort :: Ord x => [x] -> OL x
isort = foldMap (OL . pure)

就是这样 http://www.leonardoborges.com/writings/2012/12/05/monads-in-small-bites-part-iii-monoids/在 Clojure 中编写幺半群：

(def  mempty (+)) ;; 0
(def  mappend +)
(defn mconcat [ms]
    (reduce mappend mempty ms))

(mappend 3 4) ;; 7

(mconcat [2 3 4]) ;; 9

我的问题是：你能在 Clojure 中将插入排序表示为幺半群吗？

这是我的尝试，但可能不是最好的:)

这是 Haskell 幺半群的直接翻译。由于我们在 Clojure 中没有自动柯里化，所以我需要制作一个特殊的comp-2功能。

(defn comp-2 [f g]
  (fn [x y] (f (g x) (g y))))

(defn pure-list [x]
  (cond
   (sequential? x) (if (empty? x) '() (seq x))
   :else (list x)))

(def OL-mempty (list))
(defn OL-mappend [xs ys]
  (letfn [(merge [xs ys]
            (cond
             (empty? xs) ys
             (empty? ys) xs
             :else (let [[x & xs'] xs
                         [y & ys'] ys]
                     (if (<= x y) 
                       (cons x (lazy-seq (merge xs' ys)))
                       (cons y (lazy-seq (merge xs ys')))))))]
    (doall (merge xs ys))))

(defn foldmap [mempty mappend l]
  (reduce mappend mempty l))

(def i-sort (partial foldmap OL-mempty (comp-2 OL-mappend pure-list)))
(i-sort (list 5 3 4 1 2 6)) ;; (1 2 3 4 5 6)

这是一篇非常好的论文的链接.

与减速机的兼容性

如果我们想使用Reducers 风格的幺半群，那么我们可以嵌入“mempty“ 在我们的 ”mappend“作为零数量分支。一旦我们这样做了，我们就可以让我们的幺半群立即适合Reducers库：

(require '[clojure.core.reducers :as re])

(defn pure-list [x]
  (cond
   (sequential? x) (if (empty? x) '() (seq x))
   :else (list x)))

(defn sort-monoid 
  ([] '())      ;; mempty
  ([xs ys]      ;; mappend
     (letfn [(merge [xs ys]
               (cond
                (empty? xs) ys
                (empty? ys) xs
                :else (let [[x & xs'] xs
                            [y & ys'] ys]
                        (if (<= x y) 
                          (cons x (lazy-seq (merge xs' ys)))
                          (cons y (lazy-seq (merge xs ys')))))))]
       (doall (merge (pure-list xs) (pure-list ys))))))

(re/reduce sort-monoid (list 2 4 1 2 5))