如何用Spring进行只读和读写的数据库路由

我正在研究 Spring 中的事务路由，但我的应用程序存在运行时问题。

我有两个 MySQL 数据库，一个用于读取，一个用于读/写，但是我的路由配置不起作用，当我应用只读配置时，我没有成功。

这是我的配置：

pom.xml

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>2.5.1</version>
    </parent>
    
    <groupId>br.com.multidatasources</groupId>
    <artifactId>multidatasources</artifactId>
    <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <name>multidatasources</name>
    
    <properties>
        <java.version>11</java.version>
    </properties>
    
    <dependencies>      
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>       
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-configuration-processor</artifactId>
            <optional>true</optional>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>mysql</groupId>
            <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>

</project>

应用程序属性

# Database master
master.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/billionaires?createDatabaseIfNotExist=true&useTimezone=true&serverTimezone=UTC
master.datasource.username=root
master.datasource.password=root

# Database slave
slave.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3307/billionaires?createDatabaseIfNotExist=true&useTimezone=true&serverTimezone=UTC
slave.datasource.username=root
slave.datasource.password=root

# Database driver
spring.datasource.driver-class-name=com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver

# JPA property settings
spring.jpa.database=mysql
spring.jpa.database-platform=org.hibernate.dialect.MySQL8Dialect

数据源类型.java

public enum DataSourceType {
    READ_ONLY,
    READ_WRITE
}

TransactionRoutingDataSource.java

public class TransactionRoutingDataSource extends AbstractRoutingDataSource {

    @Override
    protected Object determineCurrentLookupKey() {
        return TransactionSynchronizationManager.isCurrentTransactionReadOnly() ? DataSourceType.READ_ONLY : DataSourceType.READ_WRITE;
    }

}

路由配置.java

@Configuration
@EnableTransactionManagement
public class RoutingConfiguration {
    
    private final Environment environment;
    
    public RoutingConfiguration(Environment environment) {
        this.environment = environment;
    }
    
    @Bean
    public JpaTransactionManager transactionManager(@Qualifier("entityManagerFactory") LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean entityManagerFactory) {
        return new JpaTransactionManager(entityManagerFactory.getObject());
    }
    
    @Bean
    public LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean entityManagerFactory(@Qualifier("routingDataSource") DataSource routingDataSource) {
        LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean bean = new LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean();
        bean.setDataSource(routingDataSource);
        bean.setPackagesToScan(Billionaires.class.getPackageName());
        bean.setJpaVendorAdapter(new HibernateJpaVendorAdapter());
        bean.setJpaProperties(additionalProperties());
        return bean;
    }
    
    @Bean
    public DataSource dataSource(@Qualifier("routingDataSource") DataSource routingDataSource) {
        return new LazyConnectionDataSourceProxy(routingDataSource);
    }
    
    @Bean
    public TransactionRoutingDataSource routingDataSource(
            @Qualifier("masterDataSource") DataSource masterDataSource,
            @Qualifier("slaveDataSource") DataSource slaveDataSource
    ) {
        TransactionRoutingDataSource routingDataSource = new TransactionRoutingDataSource();
 
        Map<Object, Object> dataSourceMap = new HashMap<>();
        dataSourceMap.put(DataSourceType.READ_WRITE, masterDataSource);
        dataSourceMap.put(DataSourceType.READ_ONLY, slaveDataSource);
 
        routingDataSource.setTargetDataSources(dataSourceMap);
        routingDataSource.setDefaultTargetDataSource(masterDataSource());

        return routingDataSource;
    }
    
    @Bean
    public DataSource masterDataSource() {
        DriverManagerDataSource dataSource = new DriverManagerDataSource();
        dataSource.setUrl(environment.getProperty("master.datasource.url"));
        dataSource.setUsername(environment.getProperty("master.datasource.username"));
        dataSource.setPassword(environment.getProperty("master.datasource.password"));
        return dataSource;
    }

    @Bean
    public DataSource slaveDataSource() {
        DriverManagerDataSource dataSource = new DriverManagerDataSource();
        dataSource.setUrl(environment.getProperty("slave.datasource.url"));
        dataSource.setUsername(environment.getProperty("slave.datasource.username"));
        dataSource.setPassword(environment.getProperty("slave.datasource.password"));
        return dataSource;
    }
    
    private Properties additionalProperties() {
        Properties properties = new Properties();
        properties.setProperty("hibernate.dialect", "org.hibernate.dialect.MySQL8Dialect");
           
        return properties;
    }

}

亿万富翁.java

@Entity
@Table(name = "billionaires")
public class Billionaires {

    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
    private Long id;
    
    @Column(name = "first_name")
    private String firstName;
    
    @Column(name = "last_name")
    private String lastName;
    
    private String career;
    
    public Billionaires() { }

    public Billionaires(Long id, String firstName, String lastName, String career) {        
        this.id = id;
        this.firstName = firstName;
        this.lastName = lastName;
        this.career = career;
    }

    public Long getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(Long id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public String getFirstName() {
        return firstName;
    }

    public void setFirstName(String firstName) {
        this.firstName = firstName;
    }

    public String getLastName() {
        return lastName;
    }

    public void setLastName(String lastName) {
        this.lastName = lastName;
    }

    public String getCareer() {
        return career;
    }

    public void setCareer(String career) {
        this.career = career;
    }
    
}

BillionairesRepository.java

@Repository
public interface BillionairesRepository extends JpaRepository<Billionaires, Long> {

}

BillionairesService.java

@Service
public class BillionairesService {
    
    private final BillionairesRepository billionairesRepository;

    public BillionairesService(BillionairesRepository billionairesRepository) {
        this.billionairesRepository = billionairesRepository;
    }
    
    @Transactional(readOnly = true)  // Should be used the READ_ONLY  (This point not working)
    public List<Billionaires> findAll() {
        return billionairesRepository.findAll();
    }
    
    @Transactional // Should be used the READ_WRITE
    public Billionaires save(Billionaires billionaires) {
        return billionairesRepository.save(billionaires);
    }

}

在 BillionairesService 类中，我应用了@Transactional(readOnly = true) on findAll使用方法READ_ONLY数据源，但这并没有发生。

The findAll方法应该使用READ_ONLY数据源和save方法应该使用READ_WRITE数据源。

有人可以帮我解决这个问题吗？

我强烈建议尽可能使用自动配置，它会让事情变得更简单。主要关键是设置延迟获取连接并为当前事务做好准备。

这可以通过两种不同的方式来实现。

1. Set the prepareConnection的财产JpaDialect to false。如果你不这样做，那么JpaTransactionManager会急切地得到Connection并为交易做好准备。这甚至是在它有时间将事务的当前状态设置到TransactionSynchronizationManager。这将调用TransactionSynchronizationManager.isCurrentTransactionReadOnly总是回来false（因为它设置在末尾doBegin方法中的JpaTransactionManager.

2. Set the hibernate.connection.handling_mode to DELAYED_ACQUISITION_AND_RELEASE_AFTER_TRANSACTION。这将延迟连接的获取并在事务完成后关闭连接。如果没有 Spring，这也是 Hibernate 5.2+ 的默认设置（请参阅休眠用户指南 https://docs.jboss.org/hibernate/orm/5.4/userguide/html_single/Hibernate_User_Guide.html#database-connection-handling）但由于遗留原因 Spring 将其切换为DELAYED_ACQUISITION_AND_HOLD.

这些解决方案中的任何一个都将起作用，因为连接的准备被延迟并且JpaTransactionManager因此有时间同步中的状态TransactionSynchronizationManager.

@Bean
public BeanPostProcessor dialectProcessor() {

    return new BeanPostProcessor() {
        @Override
        public Object postProcessBeforeInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException {
            if (bean instanceof HibernateJpaVendorAdapter) {
                ((HibernateJpaVendorAdapter) bean).getJpaDialect().setPrepareConnection(false);
            }
            return bean;
        }
    };
}

但是将此属性添加到您的application.properties也将工作：

spring.jpa.properties.hibernate.connection.handling_mode=DELAYED_ACQUISITION_AND_RELEASE_AFTER_TRANSACTION

使用这些解决方案中的任何一个，您现在都可以放弃事务配置、jpa 等。还有一种更简单的方法来配置多个数据源。它被描述在Spring Boot 参考指南 https://docs.spring.io/spring-boot/docs/current/reference/html/howto.html#howto.data-access.configure-two-datasources这将尽可能多地重用 Spring 自动配置。

首先确保以下内容在您的application.properties

# DATABASE MASTER PROPERTIES
master.datasource.url=jdbc:h2:mem:masterdb;DB_CLOSE_DELAY=-1
master.datasource.username=sa
master.datasource.password=sa
master.datasource.configuration.pool-name=Master-DB

# DATABASE SLAVE PROPERTIES
slave.datasource.url=jdbc:h2:mem:slavedb;DB_CLOSE_DELAY=-1
slave.datasource.username=sa
slave.datasource.password=sa
slave.datasource.configuration.pool-name=Slave-DB

# JPA PROPERTIES SETTINGS
spring.jpa.database-platform=org.hibernate.dialect.H2Dialect
spring.jpa.properties.hibernate.connection.provider_disables_autocommit=true
spring.jpa.open-in-view=false

# ENABLE ERRORS IN DESERIALIZATION OF MISSING OR IGNORED PROPERTIES
spring.jackson.deserialization.fail-on-unknown-properties=true
spring.jackson.deserialization.fail-on-ignored-properties=true

# ENABLE ERRORS ON REQUESTS FOR NON-EXISTENT RESOURCES
spring.mvc.throw-exception-if-no-handler-found=true

# DISABLE MAPPINGS OF STATIC RESOURCES (IS NOT USABLE IN DEVELOPMENT OF APIs)
spring.web.resources.add-mappings=false

NOTE:删除了 JDBC 的驱动程序（不需要）仅设置spring.jpa.database-platform你设置database or database-platform不是都。

现在有了这个和以下内容@Configuration类中你将有 2 个数据源，路由数据源和BeanPostProcessor如上所述（如果您选择使用该属性，您可以删除所述属性）BeanPostProcessor.

@Configuration
public class DatasourceConfiguration {

    @Bean
    @ConfigurationProperties("master.datasource")
    public DataSourceProperties masterDataSourceProperties() {
        return new DataSourceProperties();
    }

    @Bean
    @ConfigurationProperties("master.datasource.configuration")
    public HikariDataSource masterDataSource(DataSourceProperties masterDataSourceProperties) {
        return masterDataSourceProperties.initializeDataSourceBuilder().type(HikariDataSource.class).build();
    }

    @Bean
    @ConfigurationProperties("slave.datasource")
    public DataSourceProperties slaveDataSourceProperties() {
        return new DataSourceProperties();
    }

    @Bean
    @ConfigurationProperties("slave.datasource.configuration")
    public HikariDataSource slaveDataSource(DataSourceProperties slaveDataSourceProperties) {
        return slaveDataSourceProperties.initializeDataSourceBuilder().type(HikariDataSource.class).build();
    }

    @Bean
    @Primary
    public TransactionRoutingDataSource routingDataSource(DataSource masterDataSource,  DataSource slaveDataSource) {
        TransactionRoutingDataSource routingDataSource = new TransactionRoutingDataSource();

        Map<Object, Object> dataSourceMap = new HashMap<>();
        dataSourceMap.put(DataSourceType.READ_WRITE, masterDataSource);
        dataSourceMap.put(DataSourceType.READ_ONLY, slaveDataSource);

        routingDataSource.setTargetDataSources(dataSourceMap);
        routingDataSource.setDefaultTargetDataSource(masterDataSource);

        return routingDataSource;
    }

    @Bean
    public BeanPostProcessor dialectProcessor() {

        return new BeanPostProcessor() {
            @Override
            public Object postProcessBeforeInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException {
                if (bean instanceof HibernateJpaVendorAdapter) {
                    ((HibernateJpaVendorAdapter) bean).getJpaDialect().setPrepareConnection(false);
                }
                return bean;
            }
        };
    }
}

这将设置您需要的一切以使其正常工作，并且仍然能够尽可能多地使用自动配置和检测。有了这个，您唯一需要做的配置就是这个DataSource设置。没有 JPA、事务管理等，因为这将自动完成。

最后，这是一个测试来测试这一点（您可以测试这两种情况）。只读会失败，因为那里没有模式，而保存会成功，因为 READ_WRITE 一侧有模式。

@Test
void testDatabaseSwitch() {
    Assertions.assertThatThrownBy(() -> billionaireService.findAll())
            .isInstanceOf(DataAccessException.class);

    Billionaire newBIllionaire = new Billionaire(null, "Marten", "Deinum", "Spring Nerd.");
    billionaireService.save(newBIllionaire);

}