是否可以实现一个具有如下文件结构的Python项目？：
myproj
├── a.py
├── b.py
├── c.py
└── test/
├── a.py
├── b.py
└── c.py
Note, in particular, that the test scripts under test/ have the same basenames as the module files they are testing 1. (In other words, test/a.py contains the unit tests for a.py; test/b.py contains those for b.py, etc.)
下的测试test/全部进口unittest并定义子类unittest.TestCase.
我想知道如何运行测试test/，无论是单独的还是一起的。
我尝试过很多变体python -m unittest ...，但它们要么失败（下面的示例），要么最终运行零测试。
例如，
% python -m unittest test.a
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/runpy.py", line 174, in _run_module_as_main
"__main__", fname, loader, pkg_name)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/runpy.py", line 72, in _run_code
exec code in run_globals
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/unittest/__main__.py", line 12, in <module>
main(module=None)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/unittest/main.py", line 94, in __init__
self.parseArgs(argv)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/unittest/main.py", line 149, in parseArgs
self.createTests()
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/unittest/main.py", line 158, in createTests
self.module)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/unittest/loader.py", line 130, in loadTestsFromNames
suites = [self.loadTestsFromName(name, module) for name in names]
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/unittest/loader.py", line 100, in loadTestsFromName
parent, obj = obj, getattr(obj, part)
AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'a'
如果我更改名称test/目录到t/，则错误变为：
% python -m unittest t.a
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/runpy.py", line 174, in _run_module_as_main
"__main__", fname, loader, pkg_name)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/runpy.py", line 72, in _run_code
exec code in run_globals
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/unittest/__main__.py", line 12, in <module>
main(module=None)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/unittest/main.py", line 94, in __init__
self.parseArgs(argv)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/unittest/main.py", line 149, in parseArgs
self.createTests()
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/unittest/main.py", line 158, in createTests
self.module)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/unittest/loader.py", line 130, in loadTestsFromNames
suites = [self.loadTestsFromName(name, module) for name in names]
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/unittest/loader.py", line 91, in loadTestsFromName
module = __import__('.'.join(parts_copy))
ImportError: No module named t
Or
% python -m unittest t/a.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/runpy.py", line 174, in _run_module_as_main
"__main__", fname, loader, pkg_name)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/runpy.py", line 72, in _run_code
exec code in run_globals
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/unittest/__main__.py", line 12, in <module>
main(module=None)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/unittest/main.py", line 94, in __init__
self.parseArgs(argv)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/unittest/main.py", line 149, in parseArgs
self.createTests()
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/unittest/main.py", line 158, in createTests
self.module)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/unittest/loader.py", line 130, in loadTestsFromNames
suites = [self.loadTestsFromName(name, module) for name in names]
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/unittest/loader.py", line 91, in loadTestsFromName
module = __import__('.'.join(parts_copy))
ImportError: Import by filename is not supported.
（我使用的是Python 2.7.9。）
UPDATE
由于我对这个问题给予了奖励，因此我将非常明确地说明什么是可接受的答案。
以下任何一项都是可以接受的：
如何调用unittest从命令行运行单个测试，或运行所有测试test/目录;解决方案对测试脚本中的代码进行少量更改（例如对导入语句的修改）是可以接受的。
如果由于某种原因无法实现上面显示的文件结构，则详细的解释将是一个可接受的解决方案。
作为基本案例，从以下最小案例开始，具有以下文件结构：
myproj
├── a.py
├── b.py
└── test/
├── a.py
└── b.py
...以及以下内容
# a.py
def hello():
print 'hello world'
# b.py
def bye():
print 'good-bye world'
# test/a.py
import unittest
import a
class TestA(unittest.TestCase):
def test_hello(self):
self.assertEqual(a.hello(), None)
# test/b.py
import unittest
import b
class TestB(unittest.TestCase):
def test_bye(self):
self.assertEqual(b.bye(), None)
展示一个人如何讲述unittest运行测试test/a.py，以及如何运行“所有测试test”。（后者应该继续工作，即使新的测试脚本被添加到test，或者删除一些当前的测试脚本。）
对迄今为止提出的建议进行的最低限度测试表明它们不起作用。例如：
% python -m unittest discover -s test -p '*.py'
EE
======================================================================
ERROR: test_hello (a.TestA)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/tmp/SHIVAMJINDAL/myproj/test/a.py", line 6, in test_hello
self.assertEqual(a.hello(), None)
AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'hello'
======================================================================
ERROR: test_bye (b.TestB)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/tmp/SHIVAMJINDAL/myproj/test/b.py", line 6, in test_bye
self.assertEqual(b.bye, None)
AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'bye'
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 2 tests in 0.000s
FAILED (errors=2)
% tree .
.
├── a.py
├── b.py
├── __init__.py
└── test/
├── a.py
├── b.py
└── __init__.py
1 directory, 6 files
1 This constraint is very much intentional, and it is an integral part of the problem presented here. (IOW, a "solution" that entails relaxing this constraint is in fact not a solution.)
我能够使你的方法发挥作用，但几乎没有什么需要和强制性的改变。
__init__.py
下面是我的树结构
root@5db7ad85dafd:/project# tree
.
__init__.py
a.py
test
__init__.py
a.py
1 directory, 4 files
root@5db7ad85dafd:/project# python --version
Python 2.7.9
项目/a.py
hello = 'tarun'
项目/测试/a.py
import unittest
from .. import a
class TestStringMethods(unittest.TestCase):
def test_abc(self):
assert a.hello == "tarun"
注意from .. import a这对于它的工作很重要
接下来我们在项目的根文件夹中运行测试，如下所示
root@5db7ad85dafd:/project# python -m unittest discover -t .. -s test -p "*.py"
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 0.000s
OK
-t这里设置顶级导入目录，因此我们的相对导入可以工作-s告诉我们的测试在哪个目录中-p告诉我们应该以什么模式发现测试
当您想运行单独的测试时，您将执行如下操作
python -m unittest discover -t .. -s test -p "a.py"
or
python -m unittest discover -t .. -s test -p "*.py" a
图片永远比文字更有价值
Edit-1
看到彼得的答案后想更新我的答案。我没有提到从固定命名包导入的原因是，这意味着您需要知道克隆代码的文件夹的名称，并且强制它保持不变。但如果您仍然想采用这种方法，那么一种方法是将实际内容移动到子文件夹中
所以它会是repo/project/test/a.py然后在你的测试中你将使用
from project import a
然后从 repo 文件夹中运行它，如下所示
root@5db7ad85dafd:/repo# python -m unittest discover -v -t project -s project.test -p "*.py"
test_abc (test.a.TestStringMethods) ... ok
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 0.000s
OK
或者像下面的测试文件夹一样
root@5db7ad85dafd:/repo/project# python -m unittest discover -v -t .. -s test -p "*.py"
test_abc (project.test.a.TestStringMethods) ... ok
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 0.001s
OK
在这种情况下，将项目文件夹从根目录移动一级，将确保项目名称不依赖于克隆项目的文件夹