红黑树（Red Black Tree【平衡二叉B树】） 是一种自平衡二叉查找树, 是在计算机科学中用到的一种数据结构, 典型的用途是实现关联数组。典型的普通顺序数组结构的增、删、查效率都是O(n), 但是红黑树进行读写操作时的效率可以稳定在O(log n)之内。
1 . 概念介绍
1) 二叉树: 每个节点最多有两个子树的树结构, 而它在图论中的定义为, 一个连通的无环图，并且每一个顶点的度不大于3。有根二叉树还要满足根结点的度不大于2。有了根结点之后，每个顶点定义了唯一的父结点，和最多2个子结点。然而，没有足够的信息来区分左结点和右结点。
2) 二叉查找树: 指一棵空树，或者是具有下列性质的二叉树
１、每个结点都有一个作为查找依据的关键码(key)，所有结点的关键码互不相同。
２、左子树(如果存在)上所有结点的关键码都小于根结点的关键码。
３、右子树(如果存在)上所有结点的关键码都大于根结点的关键码。
４、左子树和右子树也是二叉查找树。
3) 红黑树: 每个节点都带有颜色属性的二叉查找树，颜色或红色或黑色。在二叉查找树强制一般要求以外，对于任何有效的红黑树, 还需要增加以如下的额外要求:
１、节点是红色或黑色。
２、根节点是黑色。
３、每个叶节点（NIL节点，空节点）是黑色的。
４、每个红色节点的两个子节点都是黑色。(从每个叶子到根的所有路径上不能有两个连续的红色节点)
４、从任一节点到其每个叶子的所有路径都包含相同数目的黑色节点。
2 . 相关查增删操作(参考)
1) 左旋: 如下图所示，当在某个结点pivot上，做左旋操作时，我们假设它的右孩子y不是NIL[T]，pivot可以为任何不是NIL[T]的左子结点。左旋以pivot到Y之间的链为“支轴”进行，它使Y成为该子树的新根，而Y的左孩子b则成为pivot的右孩子。
2) 右旋: 如下图所示，当在某个结点pivot上，做右旋操作时，我们假设它的左孩子y不是NIL[T]，pivot可以为任何不是NIL[T]的右子结点。右旋以pivot到Y之间的链为“支轴”进行，它使Y成为该子树的新根，而Y的右孩子c则成为pivot的左孩子。
3) 查:
二分法查找, 包括前序、中序和后续三种查找顺序方式;
4) 增: 插入节点的两大步骤分别是插入与插入修复
[插入] 待插入结点(S), 根节点(R)
1> 若树为空，则把S作为根结点插入到空树中;
2> 当非空时，将待插结点关键字S->key和树根关键字R->key进行比较，若S->key = R->key,则无须插入，若S->key< R->key,则插入到根的左子树中，若S->key> R->key,则插入到根的右子树中;
3> 而子树中的插入过程和在树中的插入过程相同，如此进行下去，直到把结点*s作为一个新的树叶插入到二叉排序树中，或者直到发现树已有相同关键字的结点为止;
[修复]
a> 如果插入的位置是根结点，由于原树是空树，直接把此结点涂为黑色即可满足红黑树性质；
b> 如果当前结点的父结点是红色，并且祖父结点的另一个子结点（叔叔结点）是红色，
进行将当前节点的父节点和叔叔节点涂黑，祖父结点涂红，把当前结点指向祖父节点，从新的当前节点重新开始算法；
c> 如果当前节点是红色且它的父节点是红色,叔叔节点是黑色，同时它是其父节点的右子，
进行一次以新当前节点为支点左旋；
d> 如果当前节点的父节点是红色，叔叔节点是黑色，当前节点是其父节点的左孩子，
进行父节点变为黑色，祖父节点变为红色，在祖父节点为支点右旋；
5) 删: 删除节点的两大步骤分别是删除与删除修复
[删除] 待删除结点(S), 根节点(R), 双亲结点(P), 左子树(PL), 右子树(PR)
1> S为叶节点, 没有后代, 直接删除;
2> 若S只有左子树PL或者只有右子树PR，则只要使PL或PR 成为其双亲结点的左子树即可;
3> 若结点S的左、右子树均非空，先找到S的中序前趋结点S1, 然后有两个选择(1)令S的PL直接链到S的P的左链上,而S的右子树链到S的中序前趋结点S1的右链上,(2)以S的中序前趋结点S1代替S;
[修复] 假设一个分析技巧: 我们从被删节点后来顶替它的那个节点开始调整，并认为它有额外的一重黑色。这里额外一重黑色是什么意思呢，我们不是把红黑树的节点加上除红与黑的另一种颜色，这里只是一种假设，我们认为我们当前指向它，因此空有额外一种黑色，可以认为它的黑色是从它的父节点被删除后继承给它的，它现在可以容纳两种颜色，如果它原来是红色，那么现在是红+黑，如果原来是黑色，那么它现在的颜色是黑+黑。有了这重额外的黑色，原红黑树性质5就能保持不变。现在只要恢复其它性质就可以了，做法还是尽量向根移动和穷举所有可能性。
a> 如果当前节点是红+黑色, 直接把当前节点染成黑色，结束此时红黑树性质全部恢复。
b> 如果当前节点是黑+黑且是根节点, 不需要做什么，就可恢复。
c> 如果当前节点是黑+黑且兄弟节点为红色(此时父节点和兄弟节点的子节点也是黑)，把父节点染成红色，把兄弟结点染成黑色， 重新开始算法。
d> 如果当前节点是黑加黑且兄弟是黑色且兄弟节点的两个子节点全为黑色，把当前节点和兄弟节点中抽取一重黑色追加到父节点上，把父节点当成新的当前节点， 重新开始算法。
e> 如果当前节点是黑加黑且兄弟是黑色且兄弟节点的两个子节点全为黑色，把当前节点和兄弟节点中抽取一重黑色追加到父节点上，把父节点当成新的当前节点， 重新开始算法。
f> 如果当前节点颜色是黑+黑，兄弟节点是黑色，兄弟的左子是红色，右子是黑色，把兄弟结点染红，兄弟左子节点染黑，之后再在兄弟节点为支点解右旋，之后重新进入算法。
g> 如果当前节点颜色是黑-黑色，它的兄弟节点是黑色，但是兄弟节点的右子是红色，兄弟节点左子的颜色任意，把兄弟节点染成当前节点父节点的颜色，把当前节点父节点染成黑色，兄弟节点右子染成黑色，之后以当前节点的父节点为支点进行左旋，此时算法结束，红黑树所有性质调整正确。
3 . 代码实现
在jdk(8)源码里面的HashMap, 存储同hash值的集合对象所用的数据结构（HashMap.TreeNode）
TreeNode 节点数据结构如下,
/**
* Entry for Tree bins. Extends LinkedHashMap.Entry (which in turn
* extends Node) so can be used as extension of either regular or
* linked node.
*/
static final class TreeNode<K,V> extends LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> {
//数据结构
TreeNode<K,V> parent; // red-black tree links
TreeNode<K,V> left;
TreeNode<K,V> right;
TreeNode<K,V> prev; // needed to unlink next upon deletion
boolean red;
TreeNode(int hash, K key, V val, Node<K,V> next) {
super(hash, key, val, next);
}
/**
* 返回根节点
* Returns root of tree containing this node.
*/
final TreeNode<K,V> root() {
for (TreeNode<K,V> r = this, p;;) {
if ((p = r.parent) == null)
return r;
r = p;
}
}
/**
* Ensures that the given root is the first node of its bin.
*/
static <K,V> void moveRootToFront(Node<K,V>[] tab, TreeNode<K,V> root) {
int n;
if (root != null && tab != null && (n = tab.length) > 0) {
int index = (n - 1) & root.hash;
TreeNode<K,V> first = (TreeNode<K,V>)tab[index];
if (root != first) {
Node<K,V> rn;
tab[index] = root;
TreeNode<K,V> rp = root.prev;
if ((rn = root.next) != null)
((TreeNode<K,V>)rn).prev = rp;
if (rp != null)
rp.next = rn;
if (first != null)
first.prev = root;
root.next = first;
root.prev = null;
}
assert checkInvariants(root);
}
}
/**
* Finds the node starting at root p with the given hash and key.
* The kc argument caches comparableClassFor(key) upon first use
* comparing keys.
*/
final TreeNode<K,V> find(int h, Object k, Class<?> kc) {
TreeNode<K,V> p = this;
do {
int ph, dir; K pk;
TreeNode<K,V> pl = p.left, pr = p.right, q;
if ((ph = p.hash) > h)
p = pl;
else if (ph < h)
p = pr;
else if ((pk = p.key) == k || (k != null && k.equals(pk)))
return p;
else if (pl == null)
p = pr;
else if (pr == null)
p = pl;
else if ((kc != null ||
(kc = comparableClassFor(k)) != null) &&
(dir = compareComparables(kc, k, pk)) != 0)
p = (dir < 0) ? pl : pr;
else if ((q = pr.find(h, k, kc)) != null)
return q;
else
p = pl;
} while (p != null);
return null;
}
/**
* Calls find for root node.
*/
final TreeNode<K,V> getTreeNode(int h, Object k) {
return ((parent != null) ? root() : this).find(h, k, null);
}
/**
* Tie-breaking utility for ordering insertions when equal
* hashCodes and non-comparable. We don't require a total
* order, just a consistent insertion rule to maintain
* equivalence across rebalancings. Tie-breaking further than
* necessary simplifies testing a bit.
*/
static int tieBreakOrder(Object a, Object b) {
int d;
if (a == null || b == null ||
(d = a.getClass().getName().
compareTo(b.getClass().getName())) == 0)
d = (System.identityHashCode(a) <= System.identityHashCode(b) ?
-1 : 1);
return d;
}
/**
* Forms tree of the nodes linked from this node.
* @return root of tree
*/
final void treeify(Node<K,V>[] tab) {
TreeNode<K,V> root = null;
for (TreeNode<K,V> x = this, next; x != null; x = next) {
next = (TreeNode<K,V>)x.next;
x.left = x.right = null;
if (root == null) {
x.parent = null;
x.red = false;
root = x;
}
else {
K k = x.key;
int h = x.hash;
Class<?> kc = null;
for (TreeNode<K,V> p = root;;) {
int dir, ph;
K pk = p.key;
if ((ph = p.hash) > h)
dir = -1;
else if (ph < h)
dir = 1;
else if ((kc == null &&
(kc = comparableClassFor(k)) == null) ||
(dir = compareComparables(kc, k, pk)) == 0)
dir = tieBreakOrder(k, pk);
TreeNode<K,V> xp = p;
if ((p = (dir <= 0) ? p.left : p.right) == null) {
x.parent = xp;
if (dir <= 0)
xp.left = x;
else
xp.right = x;
root = balanceInsertion(root, x);
break;
}
}
}
}
moveRootToFront(tab, root);
}
/**
* Returns a list of non-TreeNodes replacing those linked from
* this node.
*/
final Node<K,V> untreeify(HashMap<K,V> map) {
Node<K,V> hd = null, tl = null;
for (Node<K,V> q = this; q != null; q = q.next) {
Node<K,V> p = map.replacementNode(q, null);
if (tl == null)
hd = p;
else
tl.next = p;
tl = p;
}
return hd;
}
/**
* Tree version of putVal.
*/
final TreeNode<K,V> putTreeVal(HashMap<K,V> map, Node<K,V>[] tab,
int h, K k, V v) {
Class<?> kc = null;
boolean searched = false;
TreeNode<K,V> root = (parent != null) ? root() : this;
for (TreeNode<K,V> p = root;;) {
int dir, ph; K pk;
if ((ph = p.hash) > h)
dir = -1;
else if (ph < h)
dir = 1;
else if ((pk = p.key) == k || (k != null && k.equals(pk)))
return p;
else if ((kc == null &&
(kc = comparableClassFor(k)) == null) ||
(dir = compareComparables(kc, k, pk)) == 0) {
if (!searched) {
TreeNode<K,V> q, ch;
searched = true;
if (((ch = p.left) != null &&
(q = ch.find(h, k, kc)) != null) ||
((ch = p.right) != null &&
(q = ch.find(h, k, kc)) != null))
return q;
}
dir = tieBreakOrder(k, pk);
}
TreeNode<K,V> xp = p;
if ((p = (dir <= 0) ? p.left : p.right) == null) {
Node<K,V> xpn = xp.next;
TreeNode<K,V> x = map.newTreeNode(h, k, v, xpn);
if (dir <= 0)
xp.left = x;
else
xp.right = x;
xp.next = x;
x.parent = x.prev = xp;
if (xpn != null)
((TreeNode<K,V>)xpn).prev = x;
moveRootToFront(tab, balanceInsertion(root, x));
return null;
}
}
}
/**
* Removes the given node, that must be present before this call.
* This is messier than typical red-black deletion code because we
* cannot swap the contents of an interior node with a leaf
* successor that is pinned by "next" pointers that are accessible
* independently during traversal. So instead we swap the tree
* linkages. If the current tree appears to have too few nodes,
* the bin is converted back to a plain bin. (The test triggers
* somewhere between 2 and 6 nodes, depending on tree structure).
*/
final void removeTreeNode(HashMap<K,V> map, Node<K,V>[] tab,
boolean movable) {
int n;
if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
return;
int index = (n - 1) & hash;
TreeNode<K,V> first = (TreeNode<K,V>)tab[index], root = first, rl;
TreeNode<K,V> succ = (TreeNode<K,V>)next, pred = prev;
if (pred == null)
tab[index] = first = succ;
else
pred.next = succ;
if (succ != null)
succ.prev = pred;
if (first == null)
return;
if (root.parent != null)
root = root.root();
if (root == null || root.right == null ||
(rl = root.left) == null || rl.left == null) {
tab[index] = first.untreeify(map); // too small
return;
}
TreeNode<K,V> p = this, pl = left, pr = right, replacement;
if (pl != null && pr != null) {
TreeNode<K,V> s = pr, sl;
while ((sl = s.left) != null) // find successor
s = sl;
boolean c = s.red; s.red = p.red; p.red = c; // swap colors
TreeNode<K,V> sr = s.right;
TreeNode<K,V> pp = p.parent;
if (s == pr) { // p was s's direct parent
p.parent = s;
s.right = p;
}
else {
TreeNode<K,V> sp = s.parent;
if ((p.parent = sp) != null) {
if (s == sp.left)
sp.left = p;
else
sp.right = p;
}
if ((s.right = pr) != null)
pr.parent = s;
}
p.left = null;
if ((p.right = sr) != null)
sr.parent = p;
if ((s.left = pl) != null)
pl.parent = s;
if ((s.parent = pp) == null)
root = s;
else if (p == pp.left)
pp.left = s;
else
pp.right = s;
if (sr != null)
replacement = sr;
else
replacement = p;
}
else if (pl != null)
replacement = pl;
else if (pr != null)
replacement = pr;
else
replacement = p;
if (replacement != p) {
TreeNode<K,V> pp = replacement.parent = p.parent;
if (pp == null)
root = replacement;
else if (p == pp.left)
pp.left = replacement;
else
pp.right = replacement;
p.left = p.right = p.parent = null;
}
TreeNode<K,V> r = p.red ? root : balanceDeletion(root, replacement);
if (replacement == p) { // detach
TreeNode<K,V> pp = p.parent;
p.parent = null;
if (pp != null) {
if (p == pp.left)
pp.left = null;
else if (p == pp.right)
pp.right = null;
}
}
if (movable)
moveRootToFront(tab, r);
}
/**
* Splits nodes in a tree bin into lower and upper tree bins,
* or untreeifies if now too small. Called only from resize;
* see above discussion about split bits and indices.
*
* @param map the map
* @param tab the table for recording bin heads
* @param index the index of the table being split
* @param bit the bit of hash to split on
*/
final void split(HashMap<K,V> map, Node<K,V>[] tab, int index, int bit) {
TreeNode<K,V> b = this;
// Relink into lo and hi lists, preserving order
TreeNode<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null;
TreeNode<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null;
int lc = 0, hc = 0;
for (TreeNode<K,V> e = b, next; e != null; e = next) {
next = (TreeNode<K,V>)e.next;
e.next = null;
if ((e.hash & bit) == 0) {
if ((e.prev = loTail) == null)
loHead = e;
else
loTail.next = e;
loTail = e;
++lc;
}
else {
if ((e.prev = hiTail) == null)
hiHead = e;
else
hiTail.next = e;
hiTail = e;
++hc;
}
}
if (loHead != null) {
if (lc <= UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD)
tab[index] = loHead.untreeify(map);
else {
tab[index] = loHead;
if (hiHead != null) // (else is already treeified)
loHead.treeify(tab);
}
}
if (hiHead != null) {
if (hc <= UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD)
tab[index + bit] = hiHead.untreeify(map);
else {
tab[index + bit] = hiHead;
if (loHead != null)
hiHead.treeify(tab);
}
}
}
/* ------------------------------------------------------------ */
// Red-black tree methods, all adapted from CLR
static <K,V> TreeNode<K,V> rotateLeft(TreeNode<K,V> root,
TreeNode<K,V> p) {
TreeNode<K,V> r, pp, rl;
if (p != null && (r = p.right) != null) {
if ((rl = p.right = r.left) != null)
rl.parent = p;
if ((pp = r.parent = p.parent) == null)
(root = r).red = false;
else if (pp.left == p)
pp.left = r;
else
pp.right = r;
r.left = p;
p.parent = r;
}
return root;
}
static <K,V> TreeNode<K,V> rotateRight(TreeNode<K,V> root,
TreeNode<K,V> p) {
TreeNode<K,V> l, pp, lr;
if (p != null && (l = p.left) != null) {
if ((lr = p.left = l.right) != null)
lr.parent = p;
if ((pp = l.parent = p.parent) == null)
(root = l).red = false;
else if (pp.right == p)
pp.right = l;
else
pp.left = l;
l.right = p;
p.parent = l;
}
return root;
}
static <K,V> TreeNode<K,V> balanceInsertion(TreeNode<K,V> root,
TreeNode<K,V> x) {
x.red = true;
for (TreeNode<K,V> xp, xpp, xppl, xppr;;) {
if ((xp = x.parent) == null) {
x.red = false;
return x;
}
else if (!xp.red || (xpp = xp.parent) == null)
return root;
if (xp == (xppl = xpp.left)) {
if ((xppr = xpp.right) != null && xppr.red) {
xppr.red = false;
xp.red = false;
xpp.red = true;
x = xpp;
}
else {
if (x == xp.right) {
root = rotateLeft(root, x = xp);
xpp = (xp = x.parent) == null ? null : xp.parent;
}
if (xp != null) {
xp.red = false;
if (xpp != null) {
xpp.red = true;
root = rotateRight(root, xpp);
}
}
}
}
else {
if (xppl != null && xppl.red) {
xppl.red = false;
xp.red = false;
xpp.red = true;
x = xpp;
}
else {
if (x == xp.left) {
root = rotateRight(root, x = xp);
xpp = (xp = x.parent) == null ? null : xp.parent;
}
if (xp != null) {
xp.red = false;
if (xpp != null) {
xpp.red = true;
root = rotateLeft(root, xpp);
}
}
}
}
}
}
static <K,V> TreeNode<K,V> balanceDeletion(TreeNode<K,V> root,
TreeNode<K,V> x) {
for (TreeNode<K,V> xp, xpl, xpr;;) {
if (x == null || x == root)
return root;
else if ((xp = x.parent) == null) {
x.red = false;
return x;
}
else if (x.red) {
x.red = false;
return root;
}
else if ((xpl = xp.left) == x) {
if ((xpr = xp.right) != null && xpr.red) {
xpr.red = false;
xp.red = true;
root = rotateLeft(root, xp);
xpr = (xp = x.parent) == null ? null : xp.right;
}
if (xpr == null)
x = xp;
else {
TreeNode<K,V> sl = xpr.left, sr = xpr.right;
if ((sr == null || !sr.red) &&
(sl == null || !sl.red)) {
xpr.red = true;
x = xp;
}
else {
if (sr == null || !sr.red) {
if (sl != null)
sl.red = false;
xpr.red = true;
root = rotateRight(root, xpr);
xpr = (xp = x.parent) == null ?
null : xp.right;
}
if (xpr != null) {
xpr.red = (xp == null) ? false : xp.red;
if ((sr = xpr.right) != null)
sr.red = false;
}
if (xp != null) {
xp.red = false;
root = rotateLeft(root, xp);
}
x = root;
}
}
}
else { // symmetric
if (xpl != null && xpl.red) {
xpl.red = false;
xp.red = true;
root = rotateRight(root, xp);
xpl = (xp = x.parent) == null ? null : xp.left;
}
if (xpl == null)
x = xp;
else {
TreeNode<K,V> sl = xpl.left, sr = xpl.right;
if ((sl == null || !sl.red) &&
(sr == null || !sr.red)) {
xpl.red = true;
x = xp;
}
else {
if (sl == null || !sl.red) {
if (sr != null)
sr.red = false;
xpl.red = true;
root = rotateLeft(root, xpl);
xpl = (xp = x.parent) == null ?
null : xp.left;
}
if (xpl != null) {
xpl.red = (xp == null) ? false : xp.red;
if ((sl = xpl.left) != null)
sl.red = false;
}
if (xp != null) {
xp.red = false;
root = rotateRight(root, xp);
}
x = root;
}
}
}
}
}
/**
* Recursive invariant check
*/
static <K,V> boolean checkInvariants(TreeNode<K,V> t) {
TreeNode<K,V> tp = t.parent, tl = t.left, tr = t.right,
tb = t.prev, tn = (TreeNode<K,V>)t.next;
if (tb != null && tb.next != t)
return false;
if (tn != null && tn.prev != t)
return false;
if (tp != null && t != tp.left && t != tp.right)
return false;
if (tl != null && (tl.parent != t || tl.hash > t.hash))
return false;
if (tr != null && (tr.parent != t || tr.hash < t.hash))
return false;
if (t.red && tl != null && tl.red && tr != null && tr.red)
return false;
if (tl != null && !checkInvariants(tl))
return false;
if (tr != null && !checkInvariants(tr))
return false;
return true;
}
}