如何在 pyopengl 中添加图像作为 3D 立方体的纹理

如何在我的立方体中添加图像作为纹理： 我想添加我自己提供的图像作为立方体的表面，同时仍然有一些照明

我使用 Visual Studio Code 作为我的编译器

这是我复制的代码：

    import pygame
    from pygame.locals import *

    from OpenGL.GL import *
    from OpenGL.GLU import *

    verticies = (
( 1, -1, -1), # 0
( 1,  1, -1), # 1
(-1,  1, -1), # 2
(-1, -1, -1), # 3
( 1, -1,  1), # 4
( 1,  1,  1), # 5
(-1, -1,  1), # 6
(-1,  1,  1), # 7
)

    surfaces = (
(0,1,2,3),
(3,2,7,6),
(6,7,5,4),
(4,5,1,0),
(1,5,7,2),
(4,0,3,6),
)

    normals = [
( 0,  0, -1),  # surface 0
(-1,  0,  0),  # surface 1
( 0,  0,  1),  # surface 2
( 1,  0,  0),  # surface 3
( 0,  1,  0),  # surface 4
( 0, -1,  0)   # surface 5
    ]

    colors = (
(1,1,1),
(0,1,0),
(0,0,1),
(0,1,0),
(0,0,1),
(1,0,1),
(0,1,0),
(1,0,1),
(0,1,0),
(0,0,1),
)

    edges = (
(0,1),
(0,3),
(0,4),
(2,1),
(2,3),
(2,7),
(6,3),
(6,4),
(6,7),
(5,1),
(5,4),
(5,7),
)


    def Cube():
        glBegin(GL_QUADS)
        for i_surface, surface in enumerate(surfaces):
            x = 0
            glNormal3fv(normals[i_surface])
            for vertex in surface:
                x+=1
                glColor3fv(colors[x])
                glVertex3fv(verticies[vertex])
        glEnd()

        glColor3fv(colors[0])
        glBegin(GL_LINES)
        for edge in edges:
            for vertex in edge:
                glVertex3fv(verticies[vertex])
        glEnd()


    def main():
        global surfaces

        pygame.init()
        display = (800, 600)
        pygame.display.set_mode(display, DOUBLEBUF|OPENGL)
        clock = pygame.time.Clock()

        glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION)
        gluPerspective(45, (display[0]/display[1]), 0.1, 50.0)

        glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW)
        glTranslatef(0, 0, -5)

        #glLight(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION,  (0, 0, 1, 0)) # directional light from the front
        glLight(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION,  (5, 5, 5, 1)) # point light from the left, top, front
        glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_AMBIENT, (0, 0, 0, 1))
        glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, (1, 1, 1, 1))

        glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST) 

        while True:
            for event in pygame.event.get():
                if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
                    pygame.quit()
                    quit()      

            glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT|GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)

            glEnable(GL_LIGHTING)
            glEnable(GL_LIGHT0)
            glEnable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL)
            glColorMaterial(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE )

            glRotatef(1, 3, 1, 1)
            Cube()

            glDisable(GL_LIGHT0)
            glDisable(GL_LIGHTING)
            glDisable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL)

            pygame.display.flip()
            clock.tick(60)

    main()

该程序显示一个旋转的立方体，其表面仅具有颜色 我怎样才能改变表面？

定义纹理坐标数组：

textureCoordinates = ((0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (1, 0))

设置白色，但在绘制立方体时指定纹理坐标：

def Cube():
    glColor3f(1, 1, 1)
    glBegin(GL_QUADS)
    for i_surface, surface in enumerate(surfaces):
        x = 0
        glNormal3fv(normals[i_surface])
        for i_vertex, vertex in enumerate(surface):
            x+=1
            #
            glTexCoord2fv(textureCoordinates[i_vertex])
            glVertex3fv(verticies[vertex])
    glEnd()

加载图像pygame.image.load()，在应用程序循环之前创建纹理对象并启用二维纹理：

def main():
    # [...]

    image = pygame.image.load('image.png')
    datas = pygame.image.tostring(image, 'RGBA')
    texID = glGenTextures(1)
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texID)
    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA, image.get_width(), image.get_height(), 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, datas)
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR)
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR)

    glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D)

    while True:
        # [...]

完整示例：

import pygame
from pygame.locals import *

from OpenGL.GL import *
from OpenGL.GLU import *

verticies = (
( 1, -1, -1), # 0
( 1,  1, -1), # 1
(-1,  1, -1), # 2
(-1, -1, -1), # 3
( 1, -1,  1), # 4
( 1,  1,  1), # 5
(-1, -1,  1), # 6
(-1,  1,  1), # 7
)

textureCoordinates = ((0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (1, 0))

surfaces = (
(0,1,2,3),
(3,2,7,6),
(6,7,5,4),
(4,5,1,0),
(1,5,7,2),
(4,0,3,6),
)

normals = [
( 0,  0, -1),  # surface 0
(-1,  0,  0),  # surface 1
( 0,  0,  1),  # surface 2
( 1,  0,  0),  # surface 3
( 0,  1,  0),  # surface 4
( 0, -1,  0)   # surface 5
    ]

colors = (
(1,1,1),
(0,1,0),
(0,0,1),
(0,1,0),
(0,0,1),
(1,0,1),
(0,1,0),
(1,0,1),
(0,1,0),
(0,0,1),
)

edges = (
(0,1),
(0,3),
(0,4),
(2,1),
(2,3),
(2,7),
(6,3),
(6,4),
(6,7),
(5,1),
(5,4),
(5,7),
)


def Cube():
    glColor3f(1, 1, 1)
    glBegin(GL_QUADS)
    for i_surface, surface in enumerate(surfaces):
        x = 0
        glNormal3fv(normals[i_surface])
        for i_vertex, vertex in enumerate(surface):
            x+=1
            #
            glTexCoord2fv(textureCoordinates[i_vertex])
            glVertex3fv(verticies[vertex])
    glEnd()

    glColor3fv(colors[0])
    glBegin(GL_LINES)
    for edge in edges:
        for vertex in edge:
            glVertex3fv(verticies[vertex])
    glEnd()


def main():
    global surfaces

    pygame.init()
    display = (400, 300)
    pygame.display.set_mode(display, DOUBLEBUF|OPENGL)
    clock = pygame.time.Clock()

    glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION)
    gluPerspective(45, (display[0]/display[1]), 0.1, 50.0)

    glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW)
    glTranslatef(0, 0, -5)

    #glLight(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION,  (0, 0, 1, 0)) # directional light from the front
    glLight(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION,  (5, 5, 5, 1)) # point light from the left, top, front
    glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_AMBIENT, (0, 0, 0, 1))
    glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, (1, 1, 1, 1))

    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST) 

    image = pygame.image.load('image.png')
    datas = pygame.image.tostring(image, 'RGBA')
    texID = glGenTextures(1)
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texID)
    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA, image.get_width(), image.get_height(), 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, datas)
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR)
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR)

    glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D)

    while True:
        for event in pygame.event.get():
            if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
                pygame.quit()
                quit()      

        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT|GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)

        glEnable(GL_LIGHTING)
        glEnable(GL_LIGHT0)
        glEnable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL)
        glColorMaterial(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE )

        glRotatef(1, 3, 1, 1)
        Cube()

        glDisable(GL_LIGHT0)
        glDisable(GL_LIGHTING)
        glDisable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL)

        pygame.display.flip()
        clock.tick(60)

main()